{"id":1490,"date":"2017-08-22T23:12:45","date_gmt":"2017-08-22T20:12:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/?p=1490"},"modified":"2021-08-18T08:57:00","modified_gmt":"2021-08-18T05:57:00","slug":"tunel-planlama-ve-projelendirme-calismalarinda-ilke-ve-esaslar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/tunel-planlama-ve-projelendirme-calismalarinda-ilke-ve-esaslar.html","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcnel Planlama ve Projelendirme \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda \u0130lke ve Esaslar"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">T\u00fcnel m\u00fchendisli\u011finde proje \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015famal\u0131 olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmektedir. Bunlardan ilki sahada ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar olup, do\u011fru ve uygulanabilir bir projenin haz\u0131rlanabilmesi i\u00e7in gerekli verilerin sa\u011flanmas\u0131na y\u00f6neliktir. \u0130kinci a\u015fama \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar laboratuarda deneysel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar olup, buradan sa\u011flanacak olan verilen yorumlanmas\u0131, sahada yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan g\u00f6zlemlerle ili\u015fkilendirilmesi, tasar\u0131m\u0131n ekonomik olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir. Son a\u015fama \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ofis \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 olup; bu a\u015famada elde edilen t\u00fcm veriler bir araya getirilmekte, yorumlanmakta, hesaplamalar ile do\u011frulanmakta ve proje \u00e7izimleri-raporlar\u0131 haz\u0131rlanarak sunulabilir hale getirilmektedir.<br \/>\n<\/span><br \/>\n<!--more--><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015fekilde t\u00fcnel projeleri i\u00e7in m\u00fchendislik hizmetleri \u015fematik olarak g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 21pt;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/082217_2012_TnelPlanlam1.png\" alt=\"\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 64pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">\u015eekil 1: Yeralt\u0131 kaya yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n projelendirilmesi hizmeti metodolojisi<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Projelendirilen t\u00fcneller i\u00e7in yap\u0131m y\u00f6ntemi belirlenirken a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki hususlar dikkate al\u0131nacak, sorular proje kapsam\u0131nda cevaplanacakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Yap\u0131la\u015fma modelinin kurulmas\u0131<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Yeralt\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in ihtiyaca cevap verebilecek geometrinin belirlenmesi<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Geometri belirlenirken mimari esteti\u011fe de \u00f6nem verilmesi<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Yeralt\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesi<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Yap\u0131-zemin ili\u015fkisinin sistem b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7erisinde de\u011ferlendirilmesi<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">M\u00fchendislik jeolojisi modelinin kurulmas\u0131<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Ortam\u0131n davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen jeolojik birimlerin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n ve t\u00fcrlerinin belirlenmesi<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Kayac\u0131n-zeminin davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan veya dolayl\u0131 olarak etkileyebilecek yap\u0131sal bozukluklar\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Yap\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015ftirebilecek kaya bloklar\u0131n\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Tekil ve b\u00fcy\u00fck zay\u0131fl\u0131k zonlar\u0131n\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">\u00c7atlaklar\u0131n t\u00fcr\u00fc, miktar\u0131, konumu, y\u00f6nelimi ve kaya dokusunun ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Ayr\u0131\u015fma ve gev\u015femelerin ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Kayan\u0131n gev\u015feme derecesinin ve azalt\u0131labilme imkan\u0131n\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Yeralt\u0131 suyunun durumunun, niteli\u011finin ve de\u011fi\u015fiminin ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">B\u00f6lgenin depremselli\u011finin incelenmesi<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Jeomekanik modelin kurulmas\u0131<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Kayan\u0131n mekanik \u00f6zelliklerinin saptanmas\u0131<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Kayan\u0131n dayan\u0131m parametrelerinin belirlenmesi<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Kayan\u0131n deformasyon mod\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn belirlenmesi<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">S\u00fcrt\u00fcnme diren\u00e7lerinin belirlenmesi<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Geoteknik modelin kurulmas\u0131<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Olabilecek oturmalar\u0131n belirlenmesi<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Jeoteknik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm gereklili\u011finin belirlenmesi<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Kayan\u0131n ge\u00e7ici ve kal\u0131c\u0131 kendini tutabilme s\u00fcresinin belirlenmesi<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Kama veya blok kaymalar\u0131n\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Doku hareketlili\u011fine g\u00f6re stabilitenin ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Kayan\u0131n kaz\u0131labilirli\u011finin incelenmesi<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Kayan\u0131n enjeksiyon kabul etme \u00f6zelli\u011finin incelenmesi<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Kaz\u0131 y\u00fczeyinde \u00f6n sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rma ve destekleme gereksiniminin belirlenmesi<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Drenaj gereklili\u011finin belirlenmesi<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">T\u00fcnel projelerinin m\u00fchendislik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan g\u00fcvenli, uygulanabilir ve ekonomik olarak in\u015fa edilebilmeleri i\u00e7in m\u00fchendislik jeolojisi ve geomekanik modelin do\u011fru olarak kurulmu\u015f olmas\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Bu a\u015famada sahada ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar neticesinde birimlerin s\u00fcreksizlikleri, ayr\u0131\u015fma durumlar\u0131, p\u00fcr\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fckleri, hidrojeolojik \u00f6zellikler detayl\u0131 olarak ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">S\u00fcreksizlik; herhangi bir g\u00f6zlem b\u00f6lgesinde inceleme y\u00f6ntemine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 saptanan ve kom\u015fu noktalar aras\u0131ndaki fiziksel ve\/veya mekanik ba\u011flar\u0131 koparan yap\u0131sal bozukluklar\u0131n (fay, k\u0131r\u0131k, \u00e7atlak vb) genel ad\u0131d\u0131r. S\u00fcreksizliklerle k\u0131smen veya tamamen ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan bir kaya elemanlar\u0131n\u0131n kaya\u00e7 i\u00e7erisindeki boyutlar\u0131, bi\u00e7imleri, dizilimleri ve s\u00fcreksizliklerin t\u00fcm fiziko-mekanik \u00f6zellikleri kaya dokusu kavram\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. Kaya mekani\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan s\u00fcreksizliklerin tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda bunlar\u0131n;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">T\u00fcr\u00fc (tabaka, kesme \u00e7atla\u011f\u0131, \u00e7ekme \u00e7atla\u011f\u0131, fiss\u00fcr, fay vb)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Konumu (x, y, z)<br \/>\n<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Tak\u0131m\u0131 (\u00c7T<span style=\"font-size: 7pt;\">1<\/span>, \u00c7T<span style=\"font-size: 7pt;\">2<\/span>, \u00c7T<span style=\"font-size: 7pt;\">3<\/span>,\u2026)<br \/>\n<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 (d (d<span style=\"font-size: 7pt;\">min<\/span>, d<span style=\"font-size: 7pt;\">maks<\/span>))<br \/>\n<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">S\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (k<span style=\"font-size: 7pt;\">stini <\/span>(k<span style=\"font-size: 7pt;\">min<\/span>, k<span style=\"font-size: 7pt;\">maks<\/span>))<br \/>\n<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Ayr\u0131lma derecesi (<span style=\"font-size: 7pt;\">M\u00fcller<\/span>)<br \/>\n<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Olu\u015fturdu\u011fu kaya eleman\u0131 boyutu (d<span style=\"font-size: 7pt;\">1 <\/span>x d<span style=\"font-size: 7pt;\">2 <\/span>x d<span style=\"font-size: 7pt;\">3<\/span>)<br \/>\n<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">P\u00fcr\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<br \/>\n<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Dolgu malzemesi (t\u00fcr\u00fc, c, \u03c6)<br \/>\n<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Dolgu kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (s)<br \/>\n<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">A\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (S)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">say\u0131sal olarak saptanmak zorundad\u0131r. Projesi kapsam\u0131nda in\u015fa edilecek t\u00fcneller i\u00e7in formlar olu\u015fturulacak, bu formlar \u00fczerine kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n m\u00fchendislik \u00f6zellikleri i\u015flenecektir. Yukar\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klanan s\u00fcreksizliklerden ba\u015fka kayan\u0131n ayr\u0131\u015fma durumu, dayan\u0131m\u0131, kaya yap\u0131s\u0131nda meydana gelen a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u00f6k\u00fclme ve kavlaklanma durumu, s\u00fcreksizliker aras\u0131ndaki dolgu malzemesinin cinsi, fay zonlar\u0131, su durumu de\u011ferleri de belirlenmekte ve kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">M\u00fchendislik jeolojisi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda detayl\u0131 kaya kalite s\u0131n\u0131flamalar\u0131 da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecektir. Kaya mekani\u011finde literat\u00fcre ge\u00e7mi\u015f \u00e7ok say\u0131da kaya kalite s\u0131n\u0131flamas\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r. Genellikle kayan\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu s\u00fcreksizlik \u00f6zelliklerini, kaya dayan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131, su durumunu, ayr\u0131\u015fma durumunu ve yeralt\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7evresinde yer alan gerilme durumunu kullanarak kaya kalitesini belirlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bu y\u00f6ntemler aras\u0131nda \u00fclkemizde en \u00e7ok Q- Barton, RMR-Bieniawski ve RQD-Deere s\u0131n\u0131flamalar\u0131 t\u00fcnel in\u015faatlar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda tercih edilmektedir. Yap\u0131lan kaya kalite s\u0131n\u0131flamalar\u0131 neticesinde kayaya bir puan verilmekte, bu puan onun bir m\u00fchendislik i\u015flemi i\u00e7in ne kadar g\u00fcvenilir oldu\u011fu hakk\u0131nda fikir edinilmesini sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Delme patlatma y\u00f6ntemi ile in\u015fa edilen t\u00fcnellerin neredeyse tamam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan Yeni Avusturya T\u00fcnel A\u00e7ma Y\u00f6nteminin (NATM) kaya destekleme s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 da kaya kalitelerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak belirlenebilmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Projelendirilecek olan t\u00fcneller i\u00e7in kapsaml\u0131 kaya kalite s\u0131n\u0131flamalar\u0131 yap\u0131lacak ve her bir t\u00fcnel i\u00e7in NATM kaya destek s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 belirlenecektir. Bu s\u0131n\u0131flar i\u00e7in belirlenecek destekleme, sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rma ve iyile\u015ftirme y\u00f6ntemleri n\u00fcmerik analizler ile tahkik edilecek, her bir kaya destek s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7in proje paftalar\u0131 haz\u0131rlanacakt\u0131r.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><strong>Jeomekanik Modelleme<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Polilit olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan \u00e7ok par\u00e7al\u0131, \u00e7atlakl\u0131 ortamlar monolit (tek, \u00e7atlaks\u0131z kaya\u00e7) ortamlara g\u00f6re daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck diren\u00e7 g\u00f6sterir ve kolayca \u015fekil de\u011fi\u015ftirerek plastikle\u015febilir. Bunun nedeni, bir gerilme durumunda kayaya aktar\u0131lan kuvvetlerin s\u00fcreksizliklerden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc farkl\u0131 noktalarda farkl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fcklere ula\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. Par\u00e7adan par\u00e7aya kuvvet aktar\u0131mlar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda p\u00fcr\u00fczl\u00fc \u00e7atlak y\u00fczeylerinde gerilme y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmalar\u0131 olu\u015fur. \u0130kincil etmenler aras\u0131nda ise s\u00fcreksizlik y\u00fczeylerinin ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki olu\u015fumlar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ge\u00e7irdikleri \u00f6rselenmeler ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak geli\u015fen ayr\u0131\u015fma olaylar\u0131 g\u00f6sterilebilir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak s\u00fcreksizliklere yak\u0131n kesimlerde yer alan par\u00e7ac\u0131k, i\u00e7 kesimlere g\u00f6re \u00f6nceden daha fazla zorlanm\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6rselenmi\u015ftir. Par\u00e7ac\u0131k k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fck\u00e7e bu zay\u0131f kesimlerin hacim i\u00e7erisindeki pay\u0131 artar, sonu\u00e7ta \u00e7ok par\u00e7al\u0131l\u0131k artt\u0131k\u00e7a kayan\u0131n dayan\u0131m parametreleri laboratuvarda incelenen ta\u015f \u00f6rneklerinde bulunan de\u011ferlere k\u0131yasla \u00e7ok belirgin azalmalar g\u00f6sterir. Kaya mekani\u011finde (diskontinuum mekani\u011finde) kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n arazide sahip olduklar\u0131 jeomekanik b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri belirlemek i\u00e7in \u00e7ok say\u0131da y\u00f6ntem geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir (Hoek &amp; Brown, Lama, Denkhaus &amp; Bieniwaski, Protodjakonov gibi).<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Proje kapsam\u0131nda in\u015fa edilecek t\u00fcneller i\u00e7in jeomekanik modellemeler yukar\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klanan y\u00f6ntemler ile yap\u0131lacak, farkl\u0131 y\u00f6ntemlerle elde edilen veriler bir arada de\u011ferlendirilecek ve hesaplamalarda kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere yerinde kaya dayan\u0131m parametreleri tespit edilecektir.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><strong>Geoteknik Modelleme<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Yeralt\u0131 kaya yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n in\u015faat\u0131n\u0131n sorunsuz olarak tamamlanmas\u0131, \u00f6ncelikle kaya yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n titizlikle tasarlanmas\u0131na ve projelendirilmesine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar temel al\u0131narak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen yap\u0131m i\u015flerinde kaya yap\u0131lar\u0131 gerilme veya deplasman kontroll\u00fc olarak denetlenmekte ve y\u00f6nlendirilmektedir. Gerilmeler (y\u00fckler) artt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rken veya azalt\u0131l\u0131rken deformasyonlar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fimi g\u00f6zlendi\u011finde buna gerilme kontrol\u00fc, deformasyonlar\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131na veya azal\u0131\u015f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen gerilmelerin ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ise deformasyon kontrol\u00fc ad\u0131 verilmektedir (Ko\u00e7ak, 2006). Tasar\u0131m ve projelendirme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n ilkesi, yeralt\u0131 kaya yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortam\u0131n m\u00fchendislik jeolojisi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tariflenmesidir. Kaya yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yapay dolgu, yama\u00e7 moluzu, zemin, gev\u015fek kaya\u00e7, ayr\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f kaya\u00e7, ge\u00e7i\u015f kayac\u0131, sert kaya, ana kaya gibi hangi ortam veya ortamlarda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tariflendi\u011finde, bu ortam\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu m\u00fchendislik jeolojisi \u00f6zellikleri, jeomekanik davran\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imi ve kaz\u0131-destekleme a\u015famalar\u0131nda do\u011fa ile teknik giri\u015fim aras\u0131ndaki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 etkile\u015fim belirlenebilir. Yeralt\u0131 kaya yap\u0131s\u0131 g\u00fczergah\u0131 jeomorfoloji, jeoloji veya m\u00fchendislik jeolojisi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kendi i\u00e7erisinde benzer \u00f6zellik ve davran\u0131\u015f g\u00f6steren kesimlere ayr\u0131labilir. Homojen b\u00f6lgelendirme (dar anlamda kaya\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131) olarak tan\u0131mlanan bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ile yap\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131nda al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken \u00f6nlemler tariflenebilmektedir. Bu b\u00f6lgeler \u00f6nlem, i\u015flem, y\u00f6ntem de\u011fi\u015fimi gerektirmeyen ve risk a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan benzerlik g\u00f6steren kesimlerdir. Homojen b\u00f6lgelendirme yap\u0131l\u0131rken kesimler; zemin-kaya k\u00f6keni, t\u00fcr\u00fc, dokanak s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131, yeralt\u0131 su seviyesi, zemin kaya\u00e7 \u00f6zellikleri, niteli\u011fi, niceli\u011fi, s\u00fcreksizlikler, ayr\u0131\u015fma durumu, kaya kalitesi, porozite-ge\u00e7irimlilik durumu, kayac\u0131n erime-kabarma-\u015fi\u015fme \u00f6zellikleri, jeomekanik \u00f6zellikler, kaz\u0131labilirlik, delinebilirlik, patlat\u0131labilirlik \u00f6zellikleri, g\u00fczergah morfolojisi ile yeralt\u0131 kaya yap\u0131s\u0131 ili\u015fkisi (s\u0131\u011f-derin-\u00e7ok derin t\u00fcnel, portal b\u00f6lgesi, yama\u00e7 t\u00fcneli, vadi-akarsu alt\u0131nda yer alan t\u00fcnel, heyelan sahas\u0131 vb) gibi \u00f6zellikler dikkate al\u0131narak ayr\u0131l\u0131rlar. \u015eekilde t\u00fcnel g\u00fczergah\u0131 i\u00e7in bir b\u00f6lgelendirme \u00f6rne\u011fi verilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/082217_2012_TnelPlanlam2.jpg\" alt=\"\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 89pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">\u015eekil 2: T\u00fcnel projelerinde homojen b\u00f6lgelendirme (Vardar) ve<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 81pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Konak\u00f6n\u00fc (Trabzon \u00c7ar\u015f\u0131ba\u015f\u0131-Arakl\u0131 Kesimi) t\u00fcneli \u00f6rne\u011fi (EMAY)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 17pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Yeralt\u0131nda in\u015fa edilen t\u00fcnel, metro, kavern ve benzeri yeralt\u0131 kaya yap\u0131lar\u0131nda ortam\u0131n birincil gerilme durumu de\u011fi\u015ftirilmektedir. T\u00fcnel m\u00fchendisli\u011finde bilinmesi gereken en \u00f6nemli konulardan birisi, kayac\u0131n bas\u0131n\u00e7 dayan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n bir miktar a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n hangi oranda devam edece\u011fidir. Kaya yap\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7evresinde olu\u015fan koruyucu bir zon ile y\u00fckler dengelenmekte, t\u00fcnel ve kayadan olu\u015fan bir sistem kal\u0131c\u0131 bir yap\u0131 haline gelmektedir. B\u00f6yle bir sisteme deformasyonlar e\u015flik etmekte, gev\u015femeler olmaktad\u0131r.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 17pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Do\u011fada yap\u0131lan g\u00f6zlemler, bas\u0131n\u00e7 alt\u0131ndaki kayac\u0131n deformasyon-yenilme ili\u015fkisinin b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda zamana ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Yeralt\u0131 kaya yap\u0131lar\u0131nda gerilme-deformasyon- zaman ili\u015fkisi projelendirme s\u0131ras\u0131nda detayl\u0131 olarak incelenmelidir.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 17pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Rabcewicz&#8217;in 1944 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na g\u00f6re; gev\u015feme nedeniyle meydana gelen &#8220;ger\u00e7ek&#8221; arazi bas\u0131nc\u0131 ve kayac\u0131n fiziksel veya kimyasal nedenlerden dolay\u0131 hacminin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi ile meydana gelen arazi bas\u0131nc\u0131 vard\u0131r. Gev\u015feme bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n nedeni kaz\u0131d\u0131r ve en \u00f6nemli fakt\u00f6r zamand\u0131r. Bir a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k ne kadar \u00e7abuk kapat\u0131l\u0131rsa, oturmalar da o oranda az olacakt\u0131r. Kaya\u00e7lar homojen bir yap\u0131dan uzak olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in arazi bas\u0131nc\u0131 daha \u00e7ok jeolojik nedenlere dayanmaktad\u0131r. Sadece yeralt\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kesitini incelemek bu y\u00fczden yanl\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r. Sistem bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak, \u00e7evresi ile birlikte de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Rabcewicz&#8217;e g\u00f6re: &#8220;Arazi bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 rijit, a\u011f\u0131r malzemeler ile \u00f6nlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak yarars\u0131zd\u0131r. Bu elemanlar da arazi bas\u0131nc\u0131 alt\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacaklard\u0131r. Kuvvetler o kadar b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr ki, ancak ona e\u015fde\u011fer bir kuvvetle kar\u015f\u0131 koymak gerekir. Bu kadar y\u00fcksek dayan\u0131ma sahip malzeme ise mevcut de\u011fildir. Bu nedenle do\u011fan\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131 al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r, bu ise do\u011fan\u0131n bize sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 koruyucu zon ile elde edilebilmektedir. Bunun i\u00e7in zaman ve mekan gerekmektedir.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">1963 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar yap\u0131lan koruyucu zon teorilerinin derlenmesi ile birlikte Rabcewicz, Yeni Avusturya T\u00fcnel A\u00e7ma Y\u00f6ntemi (YAY, NATM, N\u00d6T) ad\u0131nda bir y\u00f6ntem ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Rabcewicz ve M\u00fcller k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede bu y\u00f6ntemin ikinci gerilme durumu alt\u0131nda kaya davran\u0131\u015f\u0131na ne kadar uyumlu oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015flerdir. Pacher, Sattler, Lombardi ve Egger bu y\u00f6ntemin temsilcilerindendir. Modern yeralt\u0131 kaya yap\u0131lar\u0131 mekani\u011fi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6re yeralt\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evreleyen kaya\u00e7lar bir yandan t\u00fcneli y\u00fcklemekte, \u00f6te yandan da kom\u015fu b\u00f6lgelerden gelen y\u00fckleri ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">T\u00fcneli zorlayan bu gerilmelerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 ve anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, projelendirmede oldu\u011fu kadar uygulama s\u0131ras\u0131nda da en \u00f6nemli konular aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da, t\u00fcnel projelerinde dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken gerilme t\u00fcrleri, kaynaklar\u0131na g\u00f6re s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;\" border=\"0\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"width: 32px;\">\n<col style=\"width: 336px;\">\n<col style=\"width: 205px;\"><\/colgroup>\n<tbody valign=\"top\">\n<tr style=\"height: 82px;\">\n<td style=\"border: none;\">\n<p style=\"margin-left: 2pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">I.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 2pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">II.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: none;\">\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Kaya\u00e7 \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7lar:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Tektonizmaya ba\u011fl\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7lar:<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: none;\">\n<p style=\"margin-left: 20pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Litostatik gerilmeler<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 20pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Tektonik gerilmeler<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 57px;\">\n<td style=\"border: none;\">\n<p style=\"margin-left: 2pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">III.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: none;\">\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n gev\u015femesine ba\u011fl\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7lar:<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: none;\">\n<p style=\"margin-left: 20pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Ps\u00f6doplastikle\u015fme<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 20pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">gerilmeleri<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 54px;\">\n<td style=\"border: none;\">\n<p style=\"margin-left: 2pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">IV.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: none;\">\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Kimyasal-fiziksel k\u00f6kenli genle\u015fme bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: none;\">\n<p style=\"margin-left: 20pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Kabarma-\u015fi\u015fme gerilmeleri<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 79px;\">\n<td style=\"border: none;\">\n<p style=\"margin-left: 2pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">V.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 2pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">VI.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: none;\">\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Yap\u0131la\u015fma y\u00fckleri:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Servis y\u00fckleri:<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: none;\">\n<p style=\"margin-left: 20pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Yapay etmen gerilmeleri<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 20pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Hizmet gerilmeleri<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Bunlardan ilk ikisi primer (do\u011fal, ilkel) gerilme durumunu olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Yeralt\u0131 kaz\u0131s\u0131yla birlikte ilk gerilme ortam\u0131 bozulmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece; mevcut gerilmeler kayac\u0131n gev\u015femesine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak yer, y\u00f6n ve \u015fiddet de\u011fi\u015ftirek zamanla ikincil (sekonder) gerilmelere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmektedir.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Kaz\u0131n\u0131n tamamlanmas\u0131 ile birlikte, ideal-elastik malzeme \u00f6zelli\u011findeki kayada ikincil gerilme- deformasyon durumunun son \u015feklini almas\u0131 beklenmektedir. Fakat arazi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri kaz\u0131 dolay\u0131ndaki deformasyonlar\u0131n zamana ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ve farkl\u0131 h\u0131zlarda geli\u015fti\u011fini kan\u0131tlamaktad\u0131r. Bu ikincil gerilme ve deformasyon durumunun, bilinen bir primer gerilme durumundan yola \u00e7\u0131karak ve zaman fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc de dikkate alacak \u015fekilde bulunmas\u0131 ve denetlenebilmesi t\u00fcnelcili\u011fin bilimsel temelini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. \u0130kincil gerilmeler uygulama a\u015famas\u0131n\u0131n gerilmeleri oldu\u011fundan, projede hesaplananlarla (veya kabul edilenlerle) arazide olu\u015fan ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen gerilmelerin birbirleriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve ge\u00e7erlili\u011fin kan\u0131tlanmas\u0131 gerekir. Aksi takdirde, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 boyutland\u0131rma ya da durays\u0131zl\u0131k ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olmaktad\u0131r.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">\u0130kincil (Sekonder) gerilme durumu, kayalarda kaz\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda do\u011fal gerilmelerin y\u00f6n, yer ve \u015fiddet de\u011fi\u015ftirmesiyle olu\u015fan gerilme da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130kincil gerilmelerin da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda bo\u015fluk \u00e7evresinde olu\u015fan yeni gerilmelerin \u015fiddetlerine ve kayan\u0131n dokusuna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak &#8220;kemerlenme&#8221; ad\u0131 verilen y\u00fcklerin yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgeler meydana gelmektedir.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Bu kemerlenme olay\u0131 olu\u015fum nedenlerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">a) Gerilme Kemerlenmesi<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">b)Geometrik (dokusal) Kemerlenme \u015feklinde ikiye ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Yeralt\u0131 kaz\u0131s\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda gerilme trajekt\u00f6rlerinin (y\u00f6r\u00fcngelerinin) bo\u015fluk dolay\u0131na kayarak, s\u0131kla\u015fmas\u0131 sonucu buralarda b\u00fcy\u00fck te\u011fetsel gerilmeler olu\u015fur. E\u011fer bunlar\u0131n \u015fiddeti kayan\u0131n dayan\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan azsa, gerilmeler bo\u015fluk duvar\u0131nda en b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011ferlerine ula\u015f\u0131r. Fakat, bu ikincil gerilmelerin \u015fiddeti, kaya malzemesini hemen veya zamanla k\u0131racak de\u011ferler alm\u0131\u015fsa, bo\u015fluk daha i\u00e7erilere kayacakt\u0131r. Gerilmelerin bo\u015fluk dolay\u0131nda veya daha i\u00e7erilerde yo\u011funla\u015farak ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 ve koruyucu bir zon meydana getirmesine &#8220;Gerilme Kemerlenmesi&#8221; denir.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Kayay\u0131 olu\u015fturan, s\u00fcreksizlikle s\u0131n\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f olan kaya elemanlar\u0131 (s\u00fcreksizlik cisimcikleri) a\u00e7\u0131lan bo\u015flu\u011fun boyutuna ve kendi konumlar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak yer\u00e7ekimi ve do\u011fal kuvvetler etkisiyle, d\u00f6nerler, gev\u015ferler ve birbirleri \u00fczerinde kayarak \u00f6telenirler. B\u00f6ylece olu\u015fan hacim artmas\u0131 (dilatasyon) sonucu, s\u00fcreksizlik cisimleri kendi aralar\u0131nda kenetlenirler, s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar ve kilitlenerek bir &#8220;Dokusal (Geometrik) Kemerlenme&#8221; meydana getirirler. Bo\u015fluk dolay\u0131ndaki gerilmeler giderek bu b\u00f6lgelerde yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131r ve buralarda ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 bir zon olu\u015fturur. Wiesmann-Trompeter zonu olarak da bilinen koruyucu zon teorisi ile Yeni Avusturya T\u00fcnel A\u00e7ma Y\u00f6ntemi (YAY), ikincil gerilme durumu alt\u0131ndaki derin t\u00fcnellerde, zaman etkisini de dikkate alan en modern y\u00f6ntemdir. Sistem M\u00fcller &#8211; Salzburg&#8217;un tan\u0131t\u0131m ve tan\u0131mlamas\u0131nda<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">22 maddede toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. YAY, prensipte her t\u00fcrl\u00fc arazi ko\u015fullar\u0131nda uygulanabilecek \u00f6nlem, i\u015f ve i\u015flemlerin optimizasyonuna y\u00f6nelik bir t\u00fcnelcilik felsefesinin ad\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Norm haline getirilen ve \u00d6norm B &#8211; 2203 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan Avusturya Normlar\u0131ndaki<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">s\u0131n\u0131flamalarda ak\u0131c\u0131 zemin d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm ortam ve ko\u015fullar i\u00e7in (enine kesitte) destekleme ve sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rma amac\u0131yla nelerin ve nas\u0131l kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 belirlenmi\u015ftir. Burada, de\u011fi\u015fen ortam ko\u015fullar\u0131nda denetim ve y\u00f6nlendirme \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerine dayal\u0131 olarak, yararlan\u0131lan sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rma ve destekleme \u00f6\u011felerinin miktar ve boyutlar\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n gere\u011fi \u00fczerine de ayr\u0131ca dikkat \u00e7ekilmektedir. Yukar\u0131da k\u0131saca \u00f6zetlenen yeralt\u0131 kaya yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n projelendirmesindeki ilke ve esaslar uluslararas\u0131 norm ve standartlar ile yaz\u0131l\u0131 hale getirilmi\u015ftir. \u00dclkemizde in\u015fa edilen t\u00fcnellerin projelendirmeleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda ve yap\u0131m\u0131nda da bu normlar kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Karayollar\u0131 Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan NATM Uygulamal\u0131 Yeralt\u0131 T\u00fcnel \u0130\u015fleri Teknik \u015eartnamesi de yukar\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klanan esaslar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131narak haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Yeralt\u0131 kaya yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n in\u015fat\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda i\u00e7inde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan ortam ve ko\u015fullar de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. Bu de\u011fi\u015fimin derecesi, kuvvetler ve moment dengesinin ya da gerilme durumunun teknik giri\u015fim sonucunda ne kadar bozulmu\u015f oldu\u011funa ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Zamana ba\u011fl\u0131 gerilme-deformasyon ili\u015fkisi ve \u00e7evre kayac\u0131n ps\u00f6doplastikle\u015fmesi, denge du\u0131rumu ile etkile\u015fimin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc ve nedeni olmaktad\u0131r. Bu etkile\u015fim miktar\u0131n\u0131n teknik giri\u015fim i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 a\u015fmas\u0131 durumunda ise durayl\u0131l\u0131k sorunu ba\u015flamaktad\u0131r. Durayl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n bozulmas\u0131, yeralt\u0131 kaya yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evresi ile olan ili\u015fkisine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin bir metro t\u00fcnelinde hi\u00e7bir olumsuzluk olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen y\u00fczeyde oturmalar\u0131n olmas\u0131 durays\u0131zl\u0131k kabul\u00fc i\u00e7in yeterli olacakt\u0131r. Benzer \u015fekilde yerle\u015fimden uzak bir yerde in\u015fa edilen bir t\u00fcnelde, yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki oturmalar durays\u0131zl\u0131k olmayacak, t\u00fcnelde g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc\u011fe neden olabilecek deplasmanlar durays\u0131zl\u0131k olarak kabul edilecektir. Durays\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi ve-veya giderilmesi i\u00e7in al\u0131nan \u00f6nlemler sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rma, destekleme ve iyile\u015ftirme olarak derlenmekte ve \u00f6n, ge\u00e7ici veya kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Al\u0131nabilecek bu \u00f6nlemler kuvvetler dengesini de\u011fi\u015ftirebilmekte, gerilme durumun de\u011fi\u015ftirebilmekte ya da ortam ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirebilmektedir. S\u00fcreksizlikler aras\u0131nda kalan kama ve bloklar, kinematik serbestlik bulduklar\u0131nda, genelde yer\u00e7ekimi etkisi ile \u00e7evre kaya\u00e7tan koparak ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131rlar. Bu par\u00e7alar\u0131 yerinde tutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kuvvet \u00e7atlak dolgusunun kohezyonu ve s\u00fcreksizlik y\u00fczeylerindeki s\u00fcrt\u00fcnmedir. Kama ve bloklar\u0131n hareketi \u00e7elik has\u0131r ve p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme betonun kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile engellenebilmekte ve ortam sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Kullan\u0131lan kaya bulonlar\u0131 veya ankrajlar ile t\u00fcnel \u00e7evresindeki gev\u015femeler engellenmekte, t\u00fcnel \u00e7evresindeki \u00e7ekme gerilmeleri kar\u015f\u0131lanmakta, \u00e7elik iksa uygulamas\u0131 ile gerilmeler kontrol edilebilmekte ve t\u00fcnel desteklenmektedir. T\u00fcnel ilerleme y\u00f6n\u00fcnde kullan\u0131lan enjeksiyonlu \u00f6n s\u00fcrenler ortam\u0131 iyile\u015ftirici, kayac\u0131n dayan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahip oldu\u011fu gibi, ayna \u00f6n\u00fcnde olu\u015fan kesme gerilmelerini de kontrol edebilmektedir. Benzer \u015fekilde enjeksiyonlu bulonlar, jet-grout gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar da ortam\u0131 iyile\u015ftiren uygulamalard\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/082217_2012_TnelPlanlam3.jpg\" alt=\"\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 113pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">\u015eekil 3: Karayolu t\u00fcneli \u00f6rnek t\u00fcnel tip kesiti (EMAY)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 13pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><strong>Stabilite ve Deplasman Analizleri ile Proje \u00c7izimleri<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 13pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">T\u00fcneller i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen m\u00fchendislik jeolojisi ve geoteknik modeller sonras\u0131nda t\u00fcneller i\u00e7in uygulanacak destekleme, sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rma ve iyile\u015ftirme y\u00f6ntemleri belirlenecektir. Uygulanmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen bu y\u00f6ntemlerin yeterlikleri ve ekonomiklikleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecek stabilite ve deplasman analizleri ile tahkik edilecektir.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 13pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Stabilite analizlerinin amac\u0131 yeralt\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131 etraf\u0131nda olu\u015fan gerilmelerin belirlenmesi, bu gerilmelerden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc yap\u0131 elemanlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde olu\u015fan kuvvetlerin hesaplanmas\u0131 ve sonu\u00e7ta sistemin yap\u0131 \u00f6mr\u00fc boyunca g\u00f6revini tam anlam\u0131yla yerine getirece\u011finden emin olunmas\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 13pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Deplasman analizlerinin amac\u0131 ise sistemde gerek yap\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131nda, gerekse desteklemenin tamamlanmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan olu\u015facak deplasmanlar\u0131n mertebelerinin hesaplanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Yap\u0131lan hesaplamalar neticesinde sistemdeki deplasmanlar\u0131n kabul edilebilir s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7erisinde kalaca\u011f\u0131ndan emin olunmaktad\u0131r.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 13pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">T\u00fcnellerdeki bu analizler iki farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecektir. Birinci a\u015famada analitik y\u00f6ntemler ile \u00f6n boyutland\u0131rma yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Bu sayede \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 alternatifler i\u00e7in (farkl\u0131 kal\u0131nl\u0131klarda p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme beton uygulanmas\u0131, \u00e7elik iksa-kafes iksa alternatiflerinin denenmesi, gerekli kaya bulon adet ve aral\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n denenmesi) \u00e7ok say\u0131da hesaplama yap\u0131labilmekte, yeterli g\u00fcvenlik s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde kalmak ko\u015fulu ile ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan minimum destekleme sistemi boyutland\u0131r\u0131labilmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Belirlenen bu destekleme sisteminin ger\u00e7ekten g\u00fcvenli olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tahkiki ise ikinci a\u015fama analizleri olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bu kapsamda n\u00fcmerik y\u00f6ntemler ile (sonlu elemanlar, sonlu farklar) hesaplamalar belirlenen sistem i\u00e7in yinelenmektedir. 2 ve 3 boyutlu plastik analiz yapabilen geli\u015fmi\u015f ve en g\u00fcncel bilgisayar yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 ile t\u00fcnellerin analizleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmektedir. Elde edilen t\u00fcm sonu\u00e7lar haz\u0131rlanan t\u00fcnel hesap raporlar\u0131 ile sunulmaktad\u0131r.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">T\u00fcnel projeleri i\u00e7in \u00e7izimler teknik resim \u00e7izim kurallar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 kalarak bilgisayar ortam\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmektedir. \u015eartnamelerde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen t\u00fcm \u00e7izim paftalar\u0131 elektronik ortamda haz\u0131rlanmakta, yap\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131nda y\u00fcklenicinin ihtiya\u00e7 duyabilece\u011fi t\u00fcm detaylar paftalar \u00fczerinde g\u00f6sterilmektedir.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">T\u00fcm bunlarla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmayarak, t\u00fcnel g\u00fczergah\u0131 ve arazi 3 boyutlu olarak da modellenmektedir. Bu sayede \u00f6zellikle portal kesimlerinin mimari yap\u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6rsel olarak sunulabilir hale gelmektedir.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><strong>T\u00fcnel Projeleri Kapsam\u0131nda Haz\u0131rlanacak Projeler:<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">T\u00fcnel projelerinin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ulusal ve uluslararas\u0131 norm ve \u015fartnamelere ba\u011fl\u0131 kalarak titizlikle haz\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">Genel yerle\u015fim plan\u0131,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Jeolojik \u2013 jeoteknik profil ve kesitler,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">M\u00fchendislik jeolojisi haritalar\u0131,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">T\u00fcnel yerle\u015fim plan\u0131,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">G\u00fczergah plan\u0131,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">T\u00fcnel tip kesitleri,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">NATM (KT\u015e) t\u00fcnel destekleme tip kesitleri,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">T\u00fcnel kaz\u0131-destekleme a\u015famalar\u0131 tip kesitleri,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Bulon a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ve s\u00fcren uygulamalar\u0131 detaylar\u0131,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">\u00c7elik iksa detaylar\u0131,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Ara\u00e7 ve yaya ge\u00e7i\u015fi projeleri,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Drenaj projeleri,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Yang\u0131n s\u00f6nd\u00fcrme projeleri,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Su yal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 ve i\u00e7 kaplama projeleri,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Portal kesimleri i\u00e7in mimari ve jeoteknik projeler<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Deformasyon ve yap\u0131m tolerans\u0131 projeleri,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Jeoteknik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm projeleri ile<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-left: 23pt; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">T\u00fcnel jeoteknik ve statik hesap raporlar\u0131.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 23pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">Kaynak: G\u00d6KHAN KIRAN (2012) 505121005<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>T\u00fcnel m\u00fchendisli\u011finde proje \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015famal\u0131 olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmektedir. Bunlardan ilki sahada ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar olup, do\u011fru ve uygulanabilir bir projenin haz\u0131rlanabilmesi i\u00e7in gerekli verilerin sa\u011flanmas\u0131na y\u00f6neliktir. \u0130kinci a\u015fama \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar laboratuarda deneysel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar olup, buradan sa\u011flanacak olan verilen yorumlanmas\u0131, sahada yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan g\u00f6zlemlerle ili\u015fkilendirilmesi, tasar\u0131m\u0131n ekonomik olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir. Son a\u015fama \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ofis \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 olup; bu a\u015famada&#8230;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2519,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_kadence_starter_templates_imported_post":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1490","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tunel-nedir"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/tunel-pilanlama-ve-projelendirme-1.jpeg?v=1657999408","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p9zVBf-o2","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1490","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1490"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1490\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2522,"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1490\/revisions\/2522"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2519"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1490"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1490"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1490"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}