{"id":1500,"date":"2017-08-29T15:33:03","date_gmt":"2017-08-29T12:33:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/?p=1500"},"modified":"2022-06-20T01:19:34","modified_gmt":"2022-06-19T22:19:34","slug":"tunelcilik-ve-metro-projeleri-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/tunelcilik-ve-metro-projeleri-2.html","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcnelcilik ve Metro Projeleri"},"content":{"rendered":"

B\u00fcy\u00fck kentlerin ula\u015f\u0131m sorununda en etkili \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yolu olan metro; g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz toplu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k sistemlerinin yayg\u0131n bir t\u00fcr\u00fc olarak t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada giderek artan oranda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ucuz ve \u00e7abuk ula\u015f\u0131m olana\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flayan metronun di\u011fer rayl\u0131 sistemlerle birlik\u00adte \u0130stanbul i\u00e7i kent karayollar\u0131ndaki trafik s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na en etkili \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc sa\u011fla\u00adyaca\u011f\u0131 da ku\u015fkusuzdur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnyada ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck metro sistemleri 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda ve 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Londra, Paris, Newyork ve Moskova’da kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk “yeralt\u0131 demiryolu” projesi 1835’de \u0130ngiltere’de yap\u0131ld\u0131. Ama Londra’n\u0131n kenar semtlerindeki iki demiryolu istasyonunu kentin merkezine ba\u011flamay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan bu proje “d\u00fc\u015fsel” bulundu\u011fu i\u00e7in uygulanmad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1860’da Londra’da d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk yeralt\u0131 demiryolunun yap\u0131m\u0131na ba\u015fland\u0131. 6 kilometre uzunlu\u011fundaki bu metro hatt\u0131 1863’de isletmeye a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Sonraki y\u0131llarda yap\u0131lan ekler ve yeni hatlarla giderek geni\u015fleyen Londra Metrosunda bug\u00fcn 408 kilometrelik bir a\u011f \u00fczerindeki 273 istasyon aras\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan 457 metro treni her g\u00fcn yakla\u015f\u0131k 2,5 milyon yolcu ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiltere’den sonra Avrupa’daki ilk metro 1896’da Macaristan’\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Budape\u015fte’de a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00fcnl\u00fc metrolar\u0131ndan biri olan Moskova metrosunun 197 kilometre\u00adlik toplam uzunlu\u011funun 20 kilometrelik bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, t\u00fcm\u00fc yeralt\u0131ndad\u0131r ve 123 istasyonu vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1904’de a\u00e7\u0131lan New York Metrosu, her y\u0131l 1 milyardan fazla yolcu ta\u015f\u0131yan ve hemen hepsi 24 saat hizmet veren 23 hatt\u0131yla d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en yo\u011fun metrosudur. Bu metronun 220,5 kilometresi yeralt\u0131nda, 150,6 kilometresi yer\u00fcst\u00fcnde olan toplam 371 kilometrelik hatlar\u0131nda 456 istasyon vard\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde n\u00fcfusu bir milyonu a\u015fan kentler aras\u0131nda metrosu bulunmayan hemen hemen kalmam\u0131\u015f gibidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130STANBUL METROSU \u0130LE \u0130LG\u0130L\u0130 \u00d6NCEK\u0130 \u00c7ALI\u015eMALAR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dunyadaki ilk metrolardan biri olarak kabul edilen ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019<\/sup> deki ilk yeralt\u0131 rayl\u0131 ula\u015f\u0131m sistemi olan emektar Karak\u00f6y T\u00fcneli, \u0130stanbul\u2019da Galata ile Beyo\u011flu aras\u0131nda kurulmu\u015ftur. Frans\u0131z m\u00fchendis Henry Gavand’\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlendi\u011fi proje,30 Temmuz1871’de yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f ve 17 Ocak 1875’de \u2022i\u015fletmeye a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bundan sonra ge\u00e7en bir y\u00fcz y\u0131lda fazla s\u00fcrede ise maalesef hi\u00e7bir uygulama yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f, sadece a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da s\u0131ralanan et\u00fcv ve proje \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile yetinilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. 1908 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mecidiyek\u00f6y – Yenikap\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak bir proje geli\u015ftiril\u00admi\u015f, ancak sonu\u00e7lanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>
  2. 1953 y\u0131l\u0131nda Frans\u0131z SGTE firmas\u0131,   Mecidiyek\u00f6y-Yenikap\u0131 g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131n\u0131 yeniden projelendirmi\u015f, fizibilite et\u00fcdlerini haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f,  ancak 89 milyon TL’lik yat\u0131r\u0131m i\u00e7in kaynak bulunamad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan uygulamaya ge\u00e7ilememi\u015ftir.<\/li>
  3. 1960 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130talyan,  1964 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sovyet, 1965 y\u0131l\u0131nda Amerikan firma ve kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ayn\u0131 proje ile ilgilenmi\u015fler; \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sonu\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>
  4. 1968 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sovyetler yeni bir proje haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ki hattan olu\u015fan bu projede l.Hat Zincirlikuyu, Mecidiyek\u00f6y, \u015ei\u015fli, Taksim, Galatasaray, Karak\u00f6y, Emin\u00f6n\u00fc, Yenikap\u0131, Topkap\u0131 g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131n\u0131 II. hat ise Beyaz\u0131t, Sara\u00e7hane, Edirnekap\u0131, Top\u00e7ular g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131n\u0131 izlemekteydi.  Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma\u00adlardan da, bir sonu\u00e7 elde edilememi\u015ftir.<\/li>
  5. 1972 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ETT ad\u0131na T\u00fcrk Tekfen, Frans\u0131z Bouyges, Alman Siemens firmalar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bir grup, 4. Levent – Karak\u00f6y aras\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak bir metro projesi geli\u015ftirmi\u015f ancak, Uygulamaya ge\u00e7ilememi\u015ftir.   Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Do\u00e7. Dr. Cazibe SAYAR’ a bir \u0130stanbul Metrosu Jeoloji raporu haz\u0131r\u00adlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>
  6. H\u00fck\u00fcmet \u0130stanbul Metrosu yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenmi\u015f ve 31.51973 tarihli Bakanlar Kurulu Karar\u0131 ile bu g\u00f6rev \u0130mar Koordinasyon Kuruluna devre\u00ad dilmi\u015ftir.Bu kapsam i\u00e7inde o tarihe kadar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f proje ve fizibiliteleri de\u011ferlendirmek \u00fczere   m\u00fc\u015favir   firmalar g\u00f6revlendirilmi\u015f ise de somut bir sonu\u00e7 al\u0131namam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    METRO KARAKTER\u0130ST\u0130KLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    METRO PROJES\u0130N\u0130N AMA\u00c7LARI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Metro Projesi genelde ve \u0130stanbul kent i\u00e7i ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ama\u00e7lara eri\u015fmek \u00fczere projelendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1. Ula\u015f\u0131m g\u00fcvenli\u011fini,  konforunu ve emniyetini artt\u0131rmak.<\/li>
    2. Yolculuk s\u00fcresini azaltmak,  ula\u015f\u0131labilirli\u011fi ve hareketlili\u011fi artt\u0131rmak.<\/li>
    3. Ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n \u00e7evreye k\u00f6t\u00fc etkilerini en aza indirmek, daha iyi ya\u015fanabilir bir \u00e7evre yaratmak.<\/li>
    4. Tarihi ve do\u011fal \u00e7evreyi korumak,  s\u00fcrekliliklerini sa\u011flamak.<\/li>
    5. En az kentsel yay\u0131lma ile d\u00fczenli b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi te\u015fvik etmek.<\/li>
    6. Etkin, ekonomik yarar – maliyet ili\u015fkisi y\u00fcksek bir ula\u015f\u0131m sistemi sa\u011flamak.<\/li>
    7. Kent i\u00e7i rayl\u0131 ula\u015f\u0131m sistemleriyle entegrasyonu sa\u011flamak.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      JEOLOJ\u0130K DURUM VE JEOTEKN\u0130K \u00c7AL\u0130\u015eMALAR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      1. JEOLOJ\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u0130stanbul Metrosunun \u015fu anda in\u015fa edilmekte olan Taksim – D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Levent B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Karbonifer ya\u015fl\u0131 Trakya formasyonu i\u00e7erisinde bulunmakta\u00add\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Formasyon genel olarak kum ta\u015f\u0131, \u015filt ta\u015f\u0131, \u00e7amur ta\u015f\u0131 ve kil ta\u015f\u0131 birimleri ile bunlar\u0131n ardalanmas\u0131ndan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Taze durumda, kum ta\u015f\u0131 kahverengimsi, gri ve a\u00e7\u0131k ye\u015fil renklerde; silt ta\u015f\u0131, kil ta\u015f\u0131 ve \u00e7amur ta\u015f\u0131 ise koyu gri renktedirler. Formasyon i\u00e7erisinde kal\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 genelde 2\u20133 m. olan ve nadiren 50\u201360 m.ye ula\u015fan diabaz ve andezitler bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7o\u011funluk\u00adla ileri derecede ayr\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f durumda olan bu magmatik sokulumlar, kaz\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda fazla g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck \u00e7\u0131karmamaktad\u0131r. Ancak ayr\u0131\u015fmam\u0131\u015f ve diabaz bile\u015fimli olanlar \u00f6nemli kaz\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yaratmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Bu formasyonun, yak\u0131ndan incelendi\u011finde, s\u0131k s\u0131k k\u0131vr\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede k\u0131r\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve par\u00e7aland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Plastik \u00f6zelli\u011fi nede\u00adniyle kil ta\u015f\u0131 ve \u00e7amur ta\u015flar\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 k\u0131vr\u0131mlan\u0131rken, daha rijit olan kum ta\u015flar\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131larak yer yer budinajlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Formasyon, y\u00fczeyden ortalama 3 m. derinli\u011fe ula\u015fan suni bir dolgunun alt\u0131ndad\u0131r ve yine y\u00fczeyden 10\u201315 m. derinli\u011fe kadar orta ve ileri derece\u00adde ayr\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Kumta\u015f\u0131 tabakalar\u0131 silt ta\u015f\u0131 veya kil ta\u015f\u0131 d\u00fczeylerine g\u00f6re daha kal\u0131n katman\u00adl\u0131d\u0131r (5\u201350 cm.). Silt ta\u015f\u0131 ve kil ta\u015f\u0131 d\u00fczeylerinin ortalama kal\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 1\u201310 cm. aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. Tabaka y\u00fczeyleri genelde d\u00fcz, kaygan veya az p\u00fcr\u00fczl\u00fc (\u00f6zellikle kum ta\u015flar\u0131 da) olup kil ile s\u0131val\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Tabakalar d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki s\u00fcreksizlik d\u00fczlemlerini eklem tak\u0131mlar\u0131, faylar, makas\u00adlamalar ve d\u00fczensiz k\u0131r\u0131klar olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u00d6zellikle t\u00fcnel ve istasyon kaz\u0131lar\u0131 esnas\u0131nda 2\u20133 adet eklem tak\u0131m\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda d\u00fczensiz \u00e7atlaklar izlenmektedir. \u00c7atlak s\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131 ortala\u00adma 5\u201320 adet\/m. dir. \u00c7atlak y\u00fczeyleri \u00e7o\u011funlukla d\u00fcz ve kaygand\u0131r. Ancak yer yer \u00f6zellikle kum ta\u015f\u0131 \u00e7atlaklar\u0131nda az p\u00fcr\u00fczl\u00fc y\u00fczeyler g\u00f6zlenmekte\u00addir. \u00c7atlak aral\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla mm. mertebesinde olup kil ile dolguludur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      2.   JEOTEKN\u0130K \u00d6L\u00c7\u00dcMLER      <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      2.1. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcm T\u00fcrleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u0130stanbul Metrosu 1. A\u015fama, 1. ve 2. K\u0131s\u0131m \u0130\u015fleri kapsam\u0131nda yap\u0131l\u00admakta olan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri istasyonlar ve t\u00fcneller i\u00e7in olmak \u00fczere iki gruptan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      2.1.1. T\u00fcneller i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u00c7ubuk ekstansometreler<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      T\u00fcnel i\u00e7i konverjans \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      T\u00fcnel i\u00e7i opto-trigonometrik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Y\u00fczey ve bina oturma \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u0130nklinometreler<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Kaya bulonu y\u00fck h\u00fccreleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Bas\u0131n\u00e7 h\u00fccreleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      T\u00dcNEL GALER\u0130 TANIMI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u0130ki ucu a\u00e7\u0131k yeralt\u0131 kaz\u0131lar\u0131na t\u00fcnel, tek ucu a\u00e7\u0131k yeralt\u0131 kaz\u0131lar\u0131na ise galeri denir. \u0130lk t\u00fcnel M.\u00d6 4000 y\u0131l\u0131nda F\u0131rat nehri alt\u0131nda Babil yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda 3,5×4,5 m ebatlar\u0131nda 1 km. uzunlu\u011funda a\u00e7-kapa y\u00f6ntemiyle a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dclkemizdeki ilk galeri ise M.\u00d6.300 y\u0131l\u0131nda Silifke’de ki Aks\u0131fat galerisidir. Su amac\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup 45km. Uzunlukta 0.80×1.5 m. kesitindedir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde halen faal oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      T\u00dcNELC\u0130L\u0130KTE MAL\u0130YET\u0130 ETK\u0130LEYEN TEMEL FAKT\u00d6RLER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      1.<\/strong>T\u00fcnel a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 etkileyen fakt\u00f6rler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      2<\/strong>.T\u00fcnel g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131n\u0131n jeolojik ve hidrojeolojik durumu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      3<\/strong>.T\u00fcnel desteklemesi ve destek t\u00fcr\u00fc<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      4<\/strong>.T\u00fcnelin y\u00fczeyden derinli\u011fi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      5<\/strong>.T\u00fcnelin \u00e7ap\u0131 ve \u015fekli<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      6<\/strong>.T\u00fcnetin uzunlu\u011fu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      7<\/strong>.\u0130\u015f\u00e7ilik<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      8<\/strong>.\u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan g\u00fcnler<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      9<\/strong>.Makine ar\u0131zalar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      S\u0131ralamada g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi ilk iki madde tamamen jeolojiktir.Bu verilerin do\u011fru olarak ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve saptanmas\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir.\u0130\u015fin uzamas\u0131,proje ve g\u00fczergah de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi jeolojik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yeteri kadar yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r.Bu nedenle in\u015faat m\u00fchendisi taraf\u0131ndan t\u00fcnel projesi ve maliyet analizleri yap\u0131l\u0131rken birtak\u0131m verilerin say\u0131sal de\u011ferlerle ifade edilmesi istenir.Bu veriler:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      a<\/strong>-T\u00fcnel g\u00fczergah\u0131 ve yak\u0131n \u00e7evresindeki kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n t\u00fcr\u00fc,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      b<\/strong>-Bu kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n yap\u0131sal \u00f6zellikleri,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      c<\/strong>-Yeralt\u0131 ve yer\u00fcst\u00fc su durumu,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      d<\/strong>-T\u00fcnel a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 esnas\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131labilecek do\u011fal olaylar,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      e<\/strong>-Do\u011fal gerilmelerin jeolojik olaylara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fmesi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      T\u00fcnel destekleme projelerinde, destek t\u00fcr\u00fc saptanmas\u0131nda etkili parametrelerin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca say\u0131sal de\u011ferlerle belirlenmesi, \u015feklinde s\u0131ralanabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      T\u00dcNEL A\u00c7MA METODLARI VE Y\u00d6NTEMLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      T\u00fcnel a\u00e7ma metotlar\u0131 temel olarak iki grupta incelenebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      1-Kayada T\u00fcnel A\u00e7ma <\/strong>ve 2-Zeminde T\u00fcnel A\u00e7ma.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u0130stanbul Metrosu T\u00fcnellerinin kaya ortam\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 niteli\u011finden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc sadece bu metodu inceleyelim. Kayada t\u00fcnel a\u00e7ma metodunda uygulanan temel iki y\u00f6ntem vard\u0131r. Bunlar Delme Patlatma Y\u00f6ntemi ve T\u00fcnel A\u00e7ma Makineleri Kullan\u0131larak yap\u0131lan t\u00fcnel kaz\u0131 y\u00f6ntemleridir. Magmatik sokulumlar haricinde Trakya For\u00admasyonu t\u00fcnelin kaz\u0131 makineleriyle a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na elveri\u015flidir. Sert kayalarda t\u00fcnel a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 esnas\u0131nda, k\u00f6keni de\u011fi\u015fik nedenlere ba\u011fl\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fitli olaylarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131labilir. Bunlar\u0131n ana nedeni kayalar\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulunan do\u011fal gerilmelerdir. Do\u011fal gerilmeler, yer\u00e7ekimi, kal\u0131c\u0131 gerilmeler ve su bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle olu\u015fur. Kal\u0131c\u0131 gerilmeler, yer\u00e7ekimi ve su bas\u0131nc\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan gerilmelerdir. Kal\u0131c\u0131 gerilmeler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u2014Tektonik Hareketler,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u2014Magmatik Faaliyetler,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u2014Metamorfizma ya da Rekristalizasyon<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u2014Fiziko-Kimyasal Olaylar (kabarma, b\u00fcz\u00fclme, genle\u015fme, \u015fi\u015fme),<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u2014Kayalar\u0131n Erozyonu ve Buzul Erimesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Sonucunda olu\u015furlar. Son y\u0131llarda \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc tekni\u011finin geli\u015fmesi ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak yeralt\u0131nda yap\u0131lan gerilme \u00f6l\u00e7meleri, kayalar\u0131n belirli bir derinli\u011fe kadar izostatik gerilmeler alt\u0131nda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yatay ve d\u00fc\u015fey gerilmelerin birbirinden farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Bu k\u0131s\u0131mda kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n elastik davran\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi kabul\u00fc yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; elastik b\u00f6lgelerden daha derinlerde ise bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve \u0131s\u0131 etkisiyle plastik ve yar\u0131 plastik davran\u0131\u015f \u00f6zelli\u011fi g\u00f6steren b\u00f6lgelerde yatay gerilmelerin, d\u00fc\u015fey gerilmelerin 3 kat\u0131 oldu\u011fu belirlenmi\u015ftir. Ancak eski k\u0131ta n\u00fcvesini te\u015fkil eden k\u0131ta kalkanlar\u0131nda bu oran\u0131n ge\u00e7erli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, t\u00fcnelin y\u00fczeye \u00e7ok yak\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fi b\u00f6lgelerde dahi yatay gerilmelerin d\u00fc\u015fey gerilmelerden \u00e7ok daha y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu tespit edilmi\u015ftir.(\u015eEK\u0130L\u20131)                                                                                                               <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \"\"
      \u015eEK\u0130L\u20131: \u00c7e\u015fitli gerilmelerde yatay ve d\u00fc\u015fey gerilme ili\u015fkisi (Wahlstrom,1973)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Do\u011fal gerilme alt\u0131ndaki kaya\u00e7larda yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131larda olu\u015fan yeni gerilmelere “ikincil gerilme” denir, ikincil gerilmeler yeralt\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lan bo\u015fluk \u00e7evresinde \u00fc\u00e7 zon olu\u015fturur. Bu zonlar d\u0131\u015ftan i\u00e7e do\u011fru<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      1. Kaz\u0131dan Etkilenmi\u015f Kaya (Elastik B\u00f6lge),<\/li>
      2. Koruyucu B\u00f6lge,<\/li>
      3. Plastik B\u00f6lge (Gev\u015feme Zonu). (\u015eEK\u0130L\u20132)<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

        Gev\u015feme zonunda kohezyon (c) i\u00e7sel s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131,etkilenmi\u015f kayaca g\u00f6re daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck de\u011ferler verir. Ayr\u0131ca kaz\u0131 kesitlerinin \u015fekli de gerilme da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015ftan \u00fczerinde etkilidir. Dairesel ve elips kesitli t\u00fcnellerde gerilme kemeri b\u00fcy\u00fck gerilme yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n olu\u015fur. Gerilmelerin k\u00f6\u015fe b\u00f6lgelerde daha yo\u011fun olu\u015fmas\u0131 nedeniyle, t\u00fcnel kesiti se\u00e7iminde k\u00f6\u015fe te\u015fkil eden kesitlerden ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n

        \n
        \"\"
        \u015eEK\u0130L\u20132:Yeralt\u0131 kaz\u0131lar\u0131nda olu\u015fan gerilme zonlar\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

        <\/p>\n\n\n\n

        KAYALARDA T\u00dcNEL A\u00c7ILMASI ESNASINDA KAR\u015eILA\u015eILAN OLAYLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        A-KAYA PATLAMALARI:<\/strong> Do\u011fal gerilmelerin etkisi alt\u0131nda bulunan kayalar i\u00e7inde a\u00e7\u0131lan t\u00fcnellerde, kaz\u0131 h\u0131z\u0131 ve t\u00fcr\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, tavan ve yan k\u0131s\u0131mlarda yer alan kayalar\u0131n ani patlamayla t\u00fcnel bo\u015flu\u011funa do\u011fru d\u00fc\u015fmesi olay\u0131na denir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7alar (bir ka\u00e7 kg.) halinde olanlara “popping”, b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fctleler \u015feklinde (y\u00fczlerce kg.) g\u00f6z\u00fckenlere ise \u201cbumbs, bumping\u201d <\/sup>ad\u0131 verilir. Kaya patlamalar\u0131nda en \u00f6nemli etken jeolojidir. Farkl\u0131 diren\u00e7teki kayalar\u0131n bir arada bulunmalar\u0131, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131 ve fayl\u0131 zonlarda dikkat edilmelidir. Trakya For\u00admasyonu dahilinde kaya patlamas\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun nedeni %6’l\u0131k magmatik sokulumlar hari\u00e7, formasyon kendi i\u00e7erisinde sedimenter homojen bir yap\u0131 i\u00e7ermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        B-KEMERLENME:<\/strong> T\u00fcnel i\u00e7i gerilmelerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, kayalar\u0131n t\u00fcnel bo\u015flu\u011funa do\u011fru y\u00f6nelme iste\u011finin yine kayalar\u0131n birbirlerine destek vererek bir denge kurmalar\u0131na denir. Kayan\u0131n litolojik ve yap\u0131sal \u00f6zellikleriyle desteksiz kalacak k\u0131sm\u0131n boyutlar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fim g\u00f6sterir metro projesi dahilinde yap\u0131sal konumuyla kemerlenmesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olan b\u00f6lgelerden ge\u00e7ilirken kaz\u0131 ad\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n uygun se\u00e7ilmesi nedeniyle problem te\u015fkil etmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        C-A\u015eIRI S\u00d6K\u00dcLME:<\/strong> T\u00fcnel kaz\u0131lar\u0131nda profil fazlas\u0131 kaz\u0131lara “a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u00f6k\u00fclme” denir. Kayan\u0131n ayr\u0131\u015fma oran\u0131, i\u00e7erdi\u011fi s\u00fcreksizlikler, t\u00fcnel kesit alan\u0131 ve tipi, e\u011fer patlay\u0131c\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131yorsa; patlatma y\u00f6ntemi ve patlay\u0131c\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc, kaz\u0131 ano boyu, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u00f6k\u00fclmeyi do\u011frudan etkileyen parametrelerdir. Farkl\u0131 kaya\u00e7lardaki a\u015f\u0131n s\u00f6k\u00fclmenin ortalama de\u011ferleri Judd’a g\u00f6re saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.(TABLO\u20131)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        KAYA\u00c7 T\u00dcR\u00dc<\/td>A\u015eIRI S\u00d6K\u00dcLME ORANI<\/td><\/tr>
        TORTUL KAYA\u00c7LARDA GRAN\u0130TLERDE BAZALTLARDA GNAYSLARDA D\u0130\u011eER METAMORF\u0130KLERDE<\/td>%9\u201311 %10\u201312 % 8\u201315 % 8\u201311 % 11<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

        TABLO\u20131 -.De\u011fi\u015fik t\u00fcrdeki kaya\u00e7lardaki ortalama a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u00f6k\u00fclme y\u00fczdeleri (Judd\u20131957)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Ayr\u0131ca sedimenter kaya\u00e7larda tabakalar\u0131n, faylar\u0131n ve k\u0131vr\u0131mlar\u0131n etkisi t\u00fcnel a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131nda g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutulacak \u00f6nemli parametrelerdir. Tabaka kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131, tabakalar\u0131n do\u011frultu ve e\u011fimi, faylar\u0131n do\u011frultusu ve e\u011fimi, faylardaki ezik zonun kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve dolgu t\u00fcr\u00fc, k\u0131vr\u0131mlanma \u015fiddeti ve y\u00f6n\u00fc t\u00fcnel a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan etkiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        T\u00dcNELLERDE ISI, SU VE GAZ DURUMU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        1-Su Sorunu:<\/strong> Bu sorun daha \u00e7ok yeralt\u0131 su seviyesi alt\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lan t\u00fcnellerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir sorundur. T\u00fcneller a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, yeralt\u0131 suyu i\u00e7in bir drenaj kanal\u0131 gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bazen b\u00fcy\u00fck zararlara, can ve mal kayb\u0131na, t\u00fcnel a\u00e7\u0131lma maliyetini ve s\u00fcreyi olumsuz etkiler. Ayr\u0131ca su kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n i\u00e7erdi\u011fi \u00e7atlaklar, bo\u015fluklar ya da permeabilitesi y\u00fcksek kaya\u00e7lar boyunca gelir. Bu esnada ayr\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, killi ve \u00e7ok s\u0131k \u00e7atlakl\u0131 kaya\u00e7lar t\u00fcnel bo\u015flu\u011funa yava\u015f veya h\u0131zl\u0131 olarak hareket ederek t\u00fcnel a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rlar. \u00d6zellikle s\u0131k\u0131\u015fma ve \u015fi\u015fme kapasitesi y\u00fcksek karakterli kaya ortamlar\u0131nda t\u00fcnel kaz\u0131s\u0131 olduk\u00e7a g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015febilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Sular\u0131n kimyasal bile\u015fimi t\u00fcnel desteklemesinde kullan\u0131lan \u00e7elik ve beton \u00fczerinde etkili olmaktad\u0131r. Etki derecesinin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in suda \"\", \"\"\u00a0, \"\", \"\", \"\"\u00a0ve \"\"\u00a0olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130stanbul Metrosu T\u00fcnellerinde \u00d6nemli bir su probleminden s\u00f6z edilemez. Metro T\u00fcnellerinin kaz\u0131 kotu. Yeralt\u0131 su seviyesi \u00fczerinde yer almaktad\u0131r. Ancak antik galerilerle t\u00fcnel g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131n\u0131n kesi\u015fti\u011fi b\u00f6lgelerde yerel olarak bir h\u0131z yava\u015flamas\u0131ndan bahsedilebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        2<\/strong>–Is\u0131 Sorunu:<\/strong> Derinlere inildik\u00e7e t\u00fcnellerde jeotermik gradyan nedeniyle bir \u0131s\u0131 art\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu \u0131s\u0131 art\u0131\u015f\u0131 t\u00fcnel a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015ftiren etkenlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelir. Kimyasal reaksiyonlar, kaya\u00e7lar\u0131 olu\u015fturan tabakalar\u0131n do\u011frultu ve e\u011fimleri, t\u00fcnelin uzunlu\u011fu da \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 etkiler. \u00d6rne\u011fin, yatay tabakal\u0131 ortamlardaki \u0131s\u0131, d\u00fc\u015fey tabakal\u0131 ortamlardan daha fazlad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca radyoaktif reaksiyon olan sahalarda, fayl\u0131 sahalarda s\u00fcrt\u00fcnmeden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc ve magmatik faaliyetlerin yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu sahalarda \u0131s\u0131 art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n fazla oldu\u011fu yerlerdir. T\u00fcnellerde \u0131s\u0131 sorununun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcndeki en etkin yol havaland\u0131rmad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u0130stanbul Metrosu T\u00fcnelleri hem derinlik, hem de di\u011fer fakt\u00f6rler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan s\u0131\u011f t\u00fcneller oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in herhangi bir \u0131s\u0131 sorunu ya\u015fanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00fcnyadaki baz\u0131 t\u00fcnellerin \u0131s\u0131 ve su durumu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da verilmi\u015ftir.(TABLO\u20132)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        T\u00dcNEL ADI<\/td>Gotthardt<\/td>Simplon<\/td>Lotschberg<\/td>Amanos-Ayran<\/td><\/tr>
        T\u00dcNEL UZUNLU\u011eU m.<\/td>19994<\/td>19803<\/td>14563<\/td>4820<\/td><\/tr>
        \u00d6RT\u00dc KALINLI\u011eI m.(max)<\/td>1706<\/td>2135<\/td>1673<\/td>600<\/td><\/tr>
        SICAKLIK CP  (max)<\/td>30.8<\/td>56<\/td>34<\/td>26<\/td><\/tr>
        T\u00dcNELE GELEN SU It\/sn<\/td>230<\/td>1200<\/td>_<\/td>_<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
        TABLO\u20132<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

        <\/p>\n\n\n\n

        3-Gaz Sorunu:<\/strong> T\u00fcnellerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullan ve jeolojik ko\u015fullardan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, atmosferik gazlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda baz\u0131 yabanc\u0131 gazlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131labilir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n zorla\u015fmamas\u0131 ve tehlike durumuna kar\u015f\u0131 t\u00fcnel i\u00e7i gaz \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerinin s\u00fcrekli kontrol alt\u0131nda tutulmas\u0131 gereklidir. T\u00fcnel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan gazlar ve tehlike d\u00fczeyleri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da verilmi\u015ftir.(TABLO\u20133)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        TABLO\u20133<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        GAZ ADI<\/td>\u00d6L\u00dcMC\u00dcL D\u00dcZEY<\/td>\u00c7ALI\u015eMA DURMA SINIRI<\/td><\/tr>
        (CO2)     KARBOND\u0130OKS\u0130T<\/td>%15\u201320<\/td>%4\u20136<\/td><\/tr>
        (CO)      KARBONMONOKS\u0130T<\/td>%0.04\u20130.06<\/td>%0.025<\/td><\/tr>
        (CH4)     METAN<\/td>%5’den yukar\u0131 patlama s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131<\/td><\/tr>
        (H2S)      H\u0130DROJENS\u00dcLF\u00dcR<\/td>%6 patlama s\u0131n\u0131n<\/td>%0.1\u20130,5<\/td><\/tr>
        (SO2)      K\u00dcK\u00dcRTD\u0130OKS\u0130T<\/td>%0.0009<\/td>%0.0007<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
        \u0130STANBUL METROSU T\u00dcNEL T\u0130PLER\u0130<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

        <\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u0130stanbul Metrosu T\u00fcnelleri gidi\u015f-d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f olarak, iki ayr\u0131 hat olarak a\u00e7\u0131lmakta olup;4 ayr\u0131 karakterde t\u00fcnel kesiti kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar, A (Ana Hat T\u00fcnelleri), P (Peron T\u00fcnelleri), T (Makas T\u00fcnelleri) ve B Tipi (Ba\u011flant\u0131 T\u00fcnelleri) t\u00fcnellerdir. Bu t\u00fcnellerin ortalama kesit alanlar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da verilmi\u015ftir.(TABLO\u20134)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        T\u00dcNEL T\u0130P\u0130<\/td>KES\u0130T ALANI m2<\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
        A<\/td>37<\/td><\/tr>
        P<\/td>65<\/td><\/tr>
        T<\/td>100<\/td><\/tr>
        B 1<\/td>43<\/td><\/tr>
        B2<\/td>22<\/td><\/tr>
        B3<\/td>45<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
        TABLO\u20134<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

        <\/p>\n\n\n\n

        T\u00dcNELLER\u0130N\u0130N JEOLOJ\u0130S\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Metro g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131n\u0131n genel jeolojik yap\u0131s\u0131, Karbonifer ya\u015fl\u0131 Trakya Formasyonu olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bu birim genel olarak kumta\u015f\u0131, siltta\u015f\u0131, kilta\u015f\u0131 ve \u00e7amurta\u015f\u0131 birimleri ile bunlar\u0131n ardalanmas\u0131ndan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 600\u20131700 m. aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. Avrupa yakas\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015f alanlar\u0131nda y\u00fczeylenen ve \u0130stanbul Paleozoi\u011finin en \u00fcst kesimini olu\u015fturan Trakya Formasyonu kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 mercekli fosfat yumrular\u0131 i\u00e7eren \u00e7\u00f6rt tabakalar\u0131 ile ba\u015flamaktad\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne do\u011fru kumta\u015f\u0131, t\u00fcrbiditik kumta\u015f\u0131 ve \u00e7amurta\u015flar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan (ince k\u0131r\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131) bir istif \u015feklinde geli\u015fir. Trakya Formasyonu Karbonifer (270-350 milyon y\u0131l) ya\u015fl\u0131 bir birim olup en az iki farkl\u0131 zamanda ve do\u011frultuda yanal tektonik kuvvetlerin etkisinde kalan Trakya Formasyonu ve b\u00fct\u00fcn Paleozoik istif a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 k\u0131vr\u0131ml\u0131-k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131 ve fayl\u0131 tektonik yap\u0131 ile tektonik dokanaklarla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131-litolojik korelasyonu yap\u0131lamayan bloklu bir yap\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Ayr\u0131ca Trakya Formasyonu i\u00e7erisinde \u00dcst-Kretase volkanizmas\u0131 ile ili\u015fkilendirilen volkanik sokulumlar g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Taksim\u20134. Levent aras\u0131 b\u00f6lgede kaz\u0131 esnas\u0131nda andezit ve diyabaz dayklar\u0131na rastlan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f 5 m\u2013120 m. aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen kal\u0131nl\u0131klarda oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu g\u00fczerg\u00e2hta kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan volkanik dayklar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu andezit bile\u015fimlidir. Zincirlikuyu \u00e7evresinde yakla\u015f\u0131k 150 m. lik t\u00fcnel b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ise mikro gabro bile\u015fimli magmatik sokulumlara rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu dayk ve sokulumlar Paleozoik temel kaya\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7inde %6′ l\u0131k hacimsel orana ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131, \u00e7o\u011funlukla delme-patlatmal\u0131 kaz\u0131 gerektirece\u011fi belirlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Trakya Formasyonu magmatik sokulumlar\u0131 hari\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde genel olarak t\u00fcnel a\u00e7\u0131m\u0131na elveri\u015fli bir kaya kalitesi sergiler. Ayr\u0131ca kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 esnas\u0131nda yer yer t\u00fcnel \u015feklinde a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f antik su kanallar\u0131na rastlan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        KAZI Y\u00d6NTEM\u0130   (YEN\u0130 AVUSTURYA T\u00dcNEL METODU)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u0130stanbul Metrosu T\u00fcnelleri, Yeni Avusturya T\u00fcnel Metodu (N.A.T.M.) anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Y\u00f6ntem \u00f6z\u00fcnde kaz\u0131 sonras\u0131 olu\u015facak deformasyonun bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n ana kayaya, bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n ise tahkimat eleman\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131tt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 esas\u0131na dayanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Yeni Avusturya Y\u00f6nteminde as\u0131l olan kaz\u0131 sonras\u0131, ilk destek olu\u015fturulana kadar ge\u00e7en zamand\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6ntemin en \u00f6nemli ilkesi; kayan\u0131n mukavemetini korumak ve harekete ge\u00e7irmek; t\u00fcnel \u00e7evresindeki kayada kendini destekleyen geni\u015f\u00e7e bir halka olu\u015fturmakt\u0131r. Bunun i\u00e7in ilk iksa kayan\u0131n kendini desteklemesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmas\u0131 maksad\u0131yla yerle\u015ftirilir ve zamanlama \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Ayr\u0131ca iksada birikecek gerilmelerin jeoteknik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerinin, d\u00fczenli olarak yap\u0131lmas\u0131; potansiyel tehlikelerin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmesinde ve zaman\u0131nda al\u0131nabilmesinde \u00e7ok \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Metro t\u00fcnellerinde kaz\u0131, hidrolik darbeli k\u0131nal\u0131 makineler vas\u0131tas\u0131yla yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcnellerdeki kaz\u0131 y\u00f6ntemleri ve kullan\u0131lacak ekipman se\u00e7imi t\u00fcm\u00fcyle baz\u0131 parametrelerle ilgilidir. Bunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, formasyonun jeomekanik \u00f6zellikleri, t\u00fcnel kesit tipi, maliyet de\u011fi\u015fimleri ve istenen h\u0131z\u0131n yakalanabilmesi gelir. \u00dcretim h\u0131z\u0131 direkt olarak maliyeti de etkiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u00d6rne\u011fin mekanize kaz\u0131 sisteminin, delme-patlatma y\u00f6ntemine k\u0131yasla birtak\u0131m avantajlar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bunlar formasyonun k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p \u00e7atlama oran\u0131n\u0131n daha az olmas\u0131 ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 tahkimat masraf\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli miktarda d\u00fc\u015f\u00admesidir Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Roadheader veya TBM makine se\u00e7imi de fizibilite \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 esnas\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclecek detayl\u0131 laboratuvar testleriyle belirlenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ve testler, farkl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckteki ekskavat\u00f6rlere tak\u0131l\u0131, k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 tabancalarla y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclecek kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n maliyet a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en uygun de\u011fere sahip oldu\u011funun kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        T\u00fcnellerde kaz\u0131 esas olarak, \u00fcst yan ve alt yar\u0131 olmak \u00fczere iki k\u0131s\u0131mda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmektedir. Ancak T tipi t\u00fcnellerin kesit alan\u0131n\u0131n fazla b\u00fcy\u00fck olmas\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc; di\u011fer t\u00fcnel tiplerinden farkl\u0131 olarak sadece T tipinde \u00fcst yan; kendi i\u00e7inde iki ve alt yan; tek olmak \u00fczere, toplam \u00fc\u00e7 safhada kaz\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        YEN\u0130 AVUSTURYA T\u00dcNEL A\u00c7MA Y\u00d6NTEM\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Yeni Avusturya Y\u00f6ntemi ; “T\u00fcnel” ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda yeralt\u0131nda olu\u015fturulan iki ucu a\u00e7\u0131k, boyu eninden fazla, e\u011fimi 30\u00b0 ‘den az, kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bo\u015fluk duvar\u0131ndan etkilenme s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na kadar ula\u015fan ve ana malzemesi kaya olan \u00e7ok kal\u0131n cidarl\u0131 silindirik bir yeralt\u0131 kaya yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcnel a\u00e7ma y\u00f6nteminde ana ilke; en uygun kaz\u0131 ve sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemlerinin se\u00e7ilerek kaz\u0131 sonras\u0131nda olu\u015fan ikincil gerilme ve deformasyonlar\u0131n, kaya yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n stabilitesini bozmayacak \u015fekilde denetlenmesi, y\u00f6nlendirilmesi ve kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n ilk sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olabildi\u011fince koruyarak bo\u015flu\u011fu \u00e7evreleyen b\u00f6lgenin kendi kendisini tutan ve ta\u015f\u0131yan bir statik sistem olu\u015fturmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Y\u00f6ntemin amac\u0131, kaz\u0131 sonras\u0131nda olu\u015fan da\u011f bas\u0131nc\u0131na, mutlak rijit sistemlerin tepkime kuvvetleri ile kar\u015f\u0131 koymak de\u011fildir. Bu nedenle, rijit tahkimat elemanlar\u0131 ve kal\u0131n kaplamalar kullanmak istenmez. Bunlar ancak, y\u00f6ntemin yeterli h\u0131z ve titizlikle uygulanamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, kayan\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131ma niteliklerinin t\u00fcm\u00fcyle yitirildi\u011fi veya a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derinliklerdeki, ya da y\u00fcksek tektonik gerilmelerin etkili oldu\u011fu plastik ortamlarda zorunlu olarak devreye girer. A\u00e7\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131nda ikincil deformasyon ve gerilmelerin yeterli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm ve g\u00f6zlemlerle izlenerek a\u00e7\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n denetlenmesi ve y\u00f6nlendirilmesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar s\u0131ras\u0131nda:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        1)<\/strong>Davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nceden bilinen ve tahmin edilen kayan\u0131n “ideal yenilme ko\u015fulu”(Mohr Zarf\u0131)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        a) <\/strong>Yeralt\u0131 suyunun drenaj\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        b) <\/strong>A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00f6rselenmeyi engelleme (patlay\u0131c\u0131dan olabildi\u011fince ka\u00e7\u0131nma)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        c) <\/strong>Gev\u015femeleri ve s\u00f6k\u00fclmeleri \u00f6nleme ve<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        d)<\/strong> Zaman\u0131 yetirince k\u0131sa tutma gibi \u00f6nlemlerle korunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        2)<\/strong>Kaz\u0131 sonras\u0131nda olu\u015fan “ikincil gerilme durumu”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        a)<\/strong> Gerilme yo\u011funla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 engelleyecek (yuvarlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kaz\u0131 y\u00fczeyleri)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        b)<\/strong> Tek eksenli gerilme ortam\u0131n\u0131 yaratmayacak p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme beton ve ankraj,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        c)<\/strong> Kaya yap\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7ekme gerilmeleri olu\u015fmayacak \u015fekilde uygun kesit \u015fekli (\u00f6n konsolidasyon) denetlenmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        3)<\/strong>“\u0130kincil deformasyonlar”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        a)<\/strong> Gev\u015femelere izin vermeyecek kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        b)<\/strong> T\u00fcnel cidar\u0131n\u0131 plastikle\u015ftirecek ve gerilme kemerini da\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7erisine kayd\u0131racak kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        c)<\/strong> Zamanla s\u00f6n\u00fcmlenecek kadar kontroll\u00fc tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        YEN\u0130 AVUSTURYA Y\u00d6NTEM\u0130N\u0130N UYGULANMASINDA BA\u015eLICA G\u00d6R\u00dc\u015eLER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        T\u00fcnel \u00e7evresinde olu\u015fan ikincil gerilme \u015fiddeti, t\u00fcnelin durayl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (stabilitesini) belirleyen ana etmendir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Yeni Avusturya y\u00f6nteminin uygulanmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda iki farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ften yararlanmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bunlar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        1. Y\u00fczey oturmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve t\u00fcnel i\u00e7i deformasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 (konverjans\u0131) olabildi\u011fince k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck tutabilmek i\u00e7in “deformasyon \u00f6nleyici” a\u00e7\u0131m.<\/li>
        2. Deformasyonlara olanak tan\u0131yarak da\u011f i\u00e7inde koruyucu zon olu\u015fumunu sa\u011flayan “plastikle\u015ftirici” a\u00e7\u0131m t\u00fcrleridir.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

          Birinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f; kaz\u0131 ve sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rma i\u015flemlerinin \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesini ve en k\u0131za zamanda ar\u0131n\u0131n hemen gerisinde (en fazla 15\u201330 m) radyenin kapanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak \u015fekilde \u00e7ok iyi organize edilmi\u015f \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 gerektirir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck dayan\u0131ml\u0131 kaya\u00e7larda, \u00f6rt\u00fc kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 3\u20134 m ‘den daha az oldu\u011fu, yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgelerinin alt\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en t\u00fcnellerde, t\u00fcnellerin portallerinde ve giri\u015ften itibaren ilk 50\u2013100 m\u2019lik kesimlerinde, metrolarda, kaplama arkas\u0131ndan su ak\u0131m\u0131 olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunan enerji t\u00fcnelleri, cebri t\u00fcneller (\u015faftlar), denge bacalar\u0131, su alma yap\u0131lar\u0131, derivasyon t\u00fcnelleri ve barajlar\u0131n enjeksiyon perdesi gerisindeki kontrol ve drenaj galerilerinde \u00f6zellikle uygulan\u0131r. Deformasyonlar\u0131 durdurmak i\u00e7in se\u00e7ilen sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rma kuvvetleri (ankrajlardaki \u00f6n gergi kuvvetleri) b\u00fcy\u00fck, p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme beton kalitesi y\u00fcksek (B 300 ve daha fazla) \u00e7elik has\u0131r dokusu (< 10 cm) dur. \u00c7elik iksa rijittir ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla yak\u0131n aral\u0131klarla (< 100 cm) yerle\u015ftirilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          A\u00e7\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda genellikle \u00fcst yar\u0131 (kalot), orta kesim (\u00fcst stros) ve taban (alt stros) olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 kademeli kaz\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r. Kaz\u0131 profilleri en kesitlerde ve boy kesitte k\u00f6\u015fesizdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Uygulanan sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rma \u00f6nlemleri ve kullan\u0131lan durayl\u0131k s\u00fcreleri i\u00e7in kabul edilen kaya kalitesi, ger\u00e7ek durumdan en az bir kaya kalitesi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 kadar daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u0130kinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f; deformasyonlar\u0131 durdurmak yerinde, denetleyerek ikincil gerilmelerin \u015fiddetini azaltmay\u0131 ve t\u00fcneli \u00e7evreleyen kesime ps\u00f6doplastik \u00f6zellikler kazand\u0131rarak, gerilme yo\u011funla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 da\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7ine do\u011fru kayd\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rma giderlerinde \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azalma sa\u011flanabilmektedir. Bu anlay\u0131\u015fla a\u00e7\u0131lan t\u00fcnellerin \u00fczerinde ve y\u00fczeyinde \u00f6nemli, fakat zarars\u0131z \u00e7\u00f6kmeler ve t\u00fcnel \u00e7ap\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azalmalar g\u00f6zlenirse de, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 gev\u015femelere izin verilmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in kaya dokusu y\u00f6ntemin ilkelerine ters d\u00fc\u015fecek oranda bozulmaz. Sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rma \u00f6\u011feleri ince ve s\u00fcnektir. P\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme beton kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla 3\u20135 cm ve kalitesi B 200’d\u00fcr. Has\u0131r dokusu gev\u015fek (10\u201320 cm) ve \u00e7elik ba\u011flar e\u011filmeksizin \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak \u00f6zelliktedir. Ba\u011f aral\u0131klar\u0131 genellikle 1,5\u20133 m aras\u0131nda se\u00e7ilir. Y\u00f6ntem, \u00f6rt\u00fc kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n fazla, y\u00fczey oturmalar\u0131n\u0131n (tasman) \u00f6nemsiz oldu\u011fu bo\u015f araziden ge\u00e7en ve su sirk\u00fclasyonunun bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerdeki, \u00f6zellikle demiryolu ve karayolu ula\u015f\u0131m t\u00fcnellerinde ba\u015far\u0131yla kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Ku\u015fkusuz; en do\u011fru olan t\u00fcnel anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, yerine g\u00f6re ilk veya ikinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak kullanabilen anlay\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna karar verebilmek i\u00e7in deformasyonun h\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131n ve gerilme de\u011fi\u015fimlerinin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi ve denetlenmesi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r. Yeni Avusturya anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bu nedenle, arazi deneyleri, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm ve g\u00f6zlemleri y\u00f6ntemin en \u00f6nemli belirte\u00e7leri aras\u0131nda bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          T\u00dcNEL KAZI DESTEK T\u0130PLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Kaz\u0131 yap\u0131lan kayan\u0131n stabilitesi, t\u00fcnel \u00fcst\u00fcndeki \u00f6rt\u00fc kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131, t\u00fcnel g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131 \u00fczerindeki yap\u0131lar\u0131n veya yap\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n niteli\u011fi ve projelendirme a\u015famas\u0131nda t\u00fcnel i\u00e7indeki gerilmelerin \u00f6zellikle yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgeler; kaz\u0131 destekleme tipinin belirlenmesinde temel parametrelerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Aynay\u0131 te\u015fkil eden kayac\u0131n yap\u0131sal \u00f6zellikleri, su durumu stabiliteyi belirler. E\u011fer stabilite d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckse, buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak tahkimat deste\u011fi artt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde \u00f6rt\u00fc kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da, kaz\u0131 destek oran\u0131yla ters orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcnel i\u00e7i gerilmelerin yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 ve y\u00fczey yap\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n fazla olarak nitelenmesi ise kaz\u0131 destekleme oran\u0131n\u0131n artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ile do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda t\u00fcnel kaz\u0131 destek tipleri, tahkimat elemanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zellik ve farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131yla g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. (TABLO\u20135)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

           <\/td>A1<\/td>A2<\/td>A3<\/td><\/tr>
          ORTAM<\/td>Sa\u011flam Kaya<\/td>Orta-sa\u011flam Kaya<\/td>Zay\u0131f kaya<\/td><\/tr>
          \u00c7EL\u0130K \u0130KSA (kafes kiri\u015f)<\/td>YOK<\/td>VAR<\/td>VAR<\/td><\/tr>
          \u00c7EL\u0130K HASIR (O221\/221)<\/td>TEK KAT<\/td>TEK KAT<\/td>\u00c7\u0130FT KAT<\/td><\/tr>
          SHOTCRETE (d=cm)<\/td>d=10-15cm.<\/td>d=20cm.<\/td>d=20cm.<\/td><\/tr>
          KAYA BULONUJadet)<\/td>4\u20135 (\u015fa\u015f\u0131rtmal\u0131)<\/td>6\u20137 (\u015fa\u015f\u0131rtmal\u0131)<\/td>7\u20138 (\u015fa\u015f\u0131rtmal\u0131)<\/td><\/tr>
          S\u00dcRG\u00dc \u00c7UBU\u011eU (adet)<\/td>YOK<\/td>12(max)<\/td>20 (max)<\/td><\/tr>
          KAZI ANO BOYU (m)<\/td>1, 5m (max)<\/td>1.0\u20131.2m<\/td>0.8\u20131. 0 m<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

          TABLO\u20135: KAZI DESTEK T\u0130PLER\u0130<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          T\u00dcNELLERDE KAZI VE DESTEKLEME \u00c7ALI\u015eMALARI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          T Tipi t\u00fcneller d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm t\u00fcnellerde kaz\u0131, \u00fcst yar\u0131 ve alt yar\u0131 olmak \u00fczere iki a\u015famada yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u00dcst yar\u0131 safhas\u0131nda sadece \u00e7elik iksa kesit alan\u0131 kadar kaz\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r. Kaz\u0131lar paletli veya tekerlekli k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131 makineler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yap\u0131l\u0131r. Ortalama 1500 kg. l\u0131k k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 tabancalar (jack-hammer) ilk kaz\u0131da, 750 kg. l\u0131k k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n monteli oldu\u011fu makineler ise ikinci kaz\u0131 yani tarama safhas\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r, ikinci tur kaz\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131, teorik hatt\u0131n i\u00e7inde kalan kaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n temizlenmesi amac\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Kaz\u0131 sonras\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan pasa malzemesi, yandan a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131p-bo\u015faltma yapabilen paletli kep\u00e7eler yard\u0131m\u0131yla kamyonlara y\u00fcklenmek suretiyle, ya da do\u011frudan lastik tekerli kep\u00e7eler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla; ya ayna gerisindeki depo aln\u0131na, ya da do\u011frudan t\u00fcnel d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r. Yakla\u015f\u0131m t\u00fcr\u00fc giri\u015fler pasan\u0131n direkt d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na uygun iken, \u015faftlarda pasa kuyu dibine ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Kayan\u0131n stabilitesine, su durumuna ve se\u00e7ilen kaz\u0131 destek tipine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak kaz\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda aynada g\u00f6bek b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r. Bu g\u00f6be\u011fin belirlenmesindeki ana etmenin jeoloji olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n; makinelerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7ilik kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak da de\u011fi\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Kaz\u0131 tarama ve pasa al\u0131m\u0131 sonras\u0131 ilk olarak kafes kiri\u015f sistemdeki \u00e7elik iksa montaj\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130ki adet T20 ve bir adet T26 l\u0131k nerv\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7elik ile bunlar\u0131 ba\u011flayan ba\u011flant\u0131 elemanlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan iksa, \u00e7elik has\u0131r kaya bulonu, s\u00fcrg\u00fc \u00e7ubuklar\u0131 ve shotcrete ge\u00e7ici desteklemenin ana elemanlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          A1 S\u0130STEM\u0130NDE KAZI-DESTEKLEME<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          A1 kaz\u0131 destek tipi sa\u011flam kaya ortam\u0131n\u0131 karakterize etti\u011finden tahkimat elemanlar\u0131 azalt\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sistemde kaz\u0131 boyu max. 1.5 m olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir ve kaz\u0131 tamamland\u0131ktan sonra do\u011frudan \u00e7elik has\u0131r montaj\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r, \u00e7elik iksa kullan\u0131lmaz. \u00c7elik has\u0131r kaya y\u00fczeyine maksimum oranda yakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p yatay ve d\u00fc\u015fey y\u00f6nde 30 cm bindirme yapacak \u015fekilde ba\u011flan\u0131r. Daha sonra shotcrete uygulan\u0131r. Shotcrete kaya y\u00fczeyine dik y\u00f6nde, Yakla\u015f\u0131k 6\u20137 atu. Bas\u0131n\u00e7la ve max.1.00\u20131.50 m. mesafeden uygulan\u0131r. Kayan\u0131n durayl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fundan, ilerleme yap\u0131l\u0131rken s\u00fcrg\u00fc \u00e7ubu\u011fu kullan\u0131m\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 yoktur. Kaya bulonlar\u0131 ise \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtmal\u0131 olarak 4\u20135 adet olarak \u00e7ak\u0131l\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          A2 S\u0130STEM\u0130NDE KAZ1-DESTEKLEME<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Orta sa\u011flam-orta zay\u0131f kaya ortam\u0131n\u0131 karakterize eder. A1 kaz\u0131 tipinde aynada g\u00f6bek b\u0131rak\u0131lmamas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n bu sistemde uygun g\u00f6bek b\u0131rak\u0131larak kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr. Kaz\u0131 ano boyu 1.00\u20131.20 m aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015febilir, kaz\u0131 sonunda \u00e7elik has\u0131r montaj\u0131 ve takiben iksa montaj\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r. Daha sonra shotcrete uygulamas\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r. E\u011fer gerek g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015fse, her iki iksada bir olmak \u00fczere max_12 adet 3.00 m lik s\u00fcren \u00e7ak\u0131l\u0131r. Bunun amac\u0131, bir sonraki kaz\u0131 ad\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvenli yapabilmek ve olas\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u00f6k\u00fclmeyi \u00f6nlemek oldu\u011fu kadar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma emniyeti sa\u011flamakt\u0131r. Kaya bulonlar aynan\u0131n max. 3.00 m gerisinden gelecek bi\u00e7imde,  6\u20137 adet \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtmal\u0131 olarak \u00e7ak\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          A3 S\u0130STEM\u0130NDE KAZl-DESTEKLEME<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Durayl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck, zay\u0131f kaya ortam\u0131n\u0131 karakterize eder. Kaz\u0131 ad\u0131m\u0131 1.00 m.’den d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Kaz\u0131 sonras\u0131 \u00e7elik has\u0131r ve \u00e7elik iksa montaj\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131p, 15 cm. shotcrete at\u0131l\u0131r. Daha sonra tekrar kaz\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bir sonraki ad\u0131m\u0131n \u00e7elik has\u0131r ve iksa montaj\u0131yla birlikte bu iksan\u0131n ikinci kat \u00e7elik has\u0131r montaj\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r. T\u00fcm bu i\u015flemlerden sonra ilk iksaya ikinci kat olarak 5cm. \u0130kinci iksaya ise ilk kat olarak 15 cm. shotcrete at\u0131l\u0131r ve i\u015flem bu tarzda devam eder. Her iki iksada bir max. 20 adet s\u00fcren \u00e7ak\u0131lmas\u0131na m\u00fcsaade edilir. Kaya bulonlar\u0131 ise \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtmal\u0131 7\u20138 adet olarak \u00e7ak\u0131l\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
          \"\"<\/a>
          A hatt\u0131 i\u00e7erisindeki \u00c7elik Has\u0131r Montaj\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
          \"\"<\/a>
          1. Kat \u00c7elik Has\u0131r \u0130ksa ve ‘. Kat \u00c7elik Has\u0131r<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
          \n
          \n
          \"\"<\/a>
          A1TAHK\u0130MAT\u00a0<\/strong>
          BULON PATERNl<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
          \n
          \"\"<\/a>
          \u00a0A2 TAHK\u0130MAT <\/strong>
          BULON PATERNl<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

          <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

          \n
          \"\"<\/a>
          A3 TAHK\u0130MAT<\/strong>
          BULON PATERNl<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

          T\u00fcnellerde giri\u015f-\u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131, ana hat t\u00fcneli ile ba\u011flant\u0131 t\u00fcnel kesi\u015fim b\u00f6lgeleri ve kaz\u0131 kesit alan\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck olmas\u0131 sebebiyle T tipi t\u00fcneller A3 kaz\u0131 destek tipinde a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131rlar. Ba\u011flant\u0131 t\u00fcneline ula\u015f\u0131lmadan min. 3.00 m, max. 6.00m. \u00f6nceden kaya \u015fartlar\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak ana hat t\u00fcneli A3 kaz\u0131 destek tipine ge\u00e7er. Portal giri\u015f a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131nda ise ilk 6 metre A3 tipinde a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131p, devam\u0131nda da jeolojik \u015fartlar\u0131n gerektirdi\u011fi ko\u015fullarda a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u00d6rt\u00fc kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok az oldu\u011fu (t\u00fcnel \u00e7ap\u0131 D kabul edilirse, \u00f6rt\u00fcn\u00fcn 1,5 D de\u011ferinden k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olmas\u0131) durumlarda kaya \u015fartlar\u0131na bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n A3 destek tipi uygulan\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde y\u00fczeydeki sanat yap\u0131lar\u0131 ve binalar\u0131n alt\u0131ndan ge\u00e7ilmeden \u00f6nce yap\u0131 temeli ile t\u00fcnel aras\u0131 \u00f6rt\u00fc kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 1.50 de\u011ferinden az ise iyi kaya \u015fartlar\u0131nda 15\u201320 m. \u00f6nce, bozuk kaya ortamlar\u0131nda ise min.30m. kala A3 desteklemesine ge\u00e7ilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u00c7elik Has\u0131r<\/strong> Montaj\u0131<\/strong>: Kaz\u0131 sonras\u0131 t\u00fcnel i\u00e7inde \u00e7elik has\u0131r montaj\u0131na ge\u00e7ilir. B\u00fct\u00fcn t\u00fcnel tiplerinde kullan\u0131lan \u00e7elik has\u0131r tipi Q221\/221 ve bindirme oranlar\u0131da yatay-d\u00fc\u015fey y\u00f6nde 30 cm. dir. Montajda dikkat edilecek en \u00f6nemli husus donat\u0131n\u0131n kaya y\u00fczeyine m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca yakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u0130ksa Montaj\u0131:<\/strong> T\u00fcnel i\u00e7erisine haz\u0131r imalat olarak, iki par\u00e7a halinde gelen kafes iksan\u0131n, flan\u015flar\u0131 \u00fczerinde a\u00e7\u0131lan d\u00f6rt yuva i\u00e7inden civata+somun marifetiyle birbirlerine ba\u011flanmas\u0131 \u015feklinde yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130ksa montaj\u0131nda dikkat edilecek en \u00f6nemli hususlar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          1. lksa papu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n her iki yanda sa\u011flam zemine basmas\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131,<\/li>
          2. Her iksa da mutlaka topografik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm yap\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

            Montaj\u0131 ve topografik teslimat\u0131 tamamlanan iksa \u00f6nce kurulan ve tahkimat elemanlar\u0131 tamamlanm\u0131\u015f bulunan iksaya,T20 tik nerv\u00fcrt\u00fc \u00e7ubuklarla tesbit edilir. \u0130\u015fban demiri ad\u0131 verilen bu elemanlar\u0131n boy u, iksa aral\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan 20cm.fazia b\u0131rak\u0131larak bindirme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda kesit tiplerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak i\u015fban adetleri verilmi\u015ftir.(TABLO\u20136)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

             <\/td>KES\u0130T TIPI<\/td><\/tr>
               <\/td>A T\u0130P\u0130    <\/td>P T\u0130P\u0130<\/td>T TIPI<\/td>B T\u0130P\u0130<\/td><\/tr>
               <\/td>   <\/td>ANA IKSA<\/td>GE\u00c7\u0130C\u0130 IKSA<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
                    \u0130\u015eBAN ADED\u0130<\/td>13<\/td>16<\/td>18-5<\/td>13<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
            TABLO\u20136<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

            <\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Shotcrete:<\/strong> \u0130stanbul Metrosu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda shotcrete kuru kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ge\u00e7ici tahkimat\u0131n en \u00f6nemli eleman\u0131 olan p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme beton uygulamalar\u0131nda dikkat edilen noktalar;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            a-<\/strong>Shotcrete uygulanacak y\u00fczey serbest malzemelerden temizlenir ve y\u00fczeyde su geliri varsa uygun y\u00f6ntemlerle drene edilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            b-<\/strong>\u00c7elikhas\u0131r\u0131n y\u00fczeye iyi sabitlenmesi sa\u011flan\u0131r ve shotcrete esnas\u0131nda esneme yapmas\u0131 engellenir,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            c-<\/strong>Malzeme kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n mutlaka homojen olmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            d-<\/strong>Hava bas\u0131nc\u0131 ve su kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m oran\u0131 iyi ayarlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

             <\/td>Do\u011fal Kum<\/td>K\u0131rma Kum<\/td>K\u0131rmata\u015f<\/td><\/tr>
            DOZAJ<\/td>KATKI %<\/td>(MM)Dmax<\/td>W\/C<\/td>SU<\/td>0-2mm.<\/td>2-5mm.<\/td>5-1 2mm<\/td><\/tr>
            400kg<\/td>5<\/td>12<\/td>0.36<\/td>144kg<\/td>460kg<\/td>568kg<\/td>859kg<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
            SHOTCRETE D\u0130ZAYNI<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

            <\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Bulon Uygulamas\u0131:<\/strong> Kaya balonlar\u0131 tek ba\u015flar\u0131na tahkimat eleman\u0131 olarak uygulanabildi\u011fi gibi, \u0130stanbul Metrosu T\u00fcnellerinde, iksa,has\u0131r-\u00e7elik ve shotcrete’den olu\u015fan tahkimat\u0131n tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 eleman\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 plakalar\u0131 shotcrete kabu\u011funun y\u00fczeyine basacak bi\u00e7imde, kabu\u011fun kaya kemeri ile birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Metro t\u00fcnellerinde kullan\u0131lan kaya bulonlar\u0131, \u00f6zellikleri ve kullan\u0131m yerleri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            E.K.B (ENJEKS\u0130YONLU KAYA BULONU<\/strong>): Metro T\u00fcnellerinde en yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan kaya bulonudur. Bir delici makine taraf\u0131ndan delinen deli\u011fe enjeksiyon malzemesi doldurulduktan sonra, bulonun elle itilerek yerle\u015ftirilmesi suretiyle kullan\u0131l\u0131r. 3.00 m boyunda, T26’hk nerv\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7elikten \u00f6zel olarak imal edilir. Bir ucu 10 cm. di\u015fli ve ta\u015f\u0131ma plakalar\u0131 200\/200\/100 mm. boyutlar\u0131nda olup, Metrik 24 somun kullan\u0131l\u0131r, i\u00e7ine yerle\u015ftirildi\u011fi delik \u00e7ap\u0131 min. 45 mm. dir ve sadece su-\u00e7imentodan olu\u015fan enjeksiyonun haz\u0131rlan\u00admas\u0131nda Mai-Pump ad\u0131 verilen \u00f6zel makineler kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu makineler arc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla k\u0131vam ayar\u0131 kolayl\u0131kla yap\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            K\u0131nkl\u0131-\u00e7atlakl\u0131 yap\u0131ya sahip, ancak foraj durayl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan ortamlarda kullan\u0131hr. Enjeksiyon priz s\u00fcresi dolmadan torklanamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in an\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir tahkimat eleman\u0131 de\u011fildir. Torklama i\u015flemi \u00f6zel ama\u00e7la \u00fcretilen ve \u00fczerinde bir sklala olan anahtar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla yap\u0131l\u0131r. Torklama kuvveti 50 kN (5000 kg) olup, bu de\u011fere kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verebilen bulon sa\u011flam kabul edilir. Bulon kontrol metodu, di\u011fer t\u00fcm bulon \u00e7e\u015fitleri i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            S\u00dcPER SWELLEX KAYA BULONU:<\/strong> En b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6zelli\u011fi an\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir bulon olmas\u0131d\u0131r. 2 mm. kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 54 mm. \u00e7ap\u0131nda ve 3.60 m. boyundaki kaliteli \u00e7elikten, tek par\u00e7a olarak diki\u015fsiz imal edilir. \u0130malat sonras\u0131 kesilmeden bulon \u00e7ap\u0131 katlanmak suretiyle 36 mm. ye indirilir. Bulonun her iki ucu da flan\u015fla kapal\u0131 olup flan\u015flardan biri \u00fczerinde delik bulunmaktad\u0131r. Delgi makinesi taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6nceden a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f 45 mm. \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki foraj i\u00e7ine, delik olan flan\u015f d\u0131\u015far\u0131da kalacak bi\u00e7imde yerle\u015ftirilir. Bulon ba\u015f\u0131na plaka tak\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, 300 bar bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 hava ve su kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 \u00fcreten bir pompa arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla delik i\u00e7inde \u015fi\u015firilir. Kaya y\u00fczeyi ile olu\u015fturdu\u011fu oderans g\u00fcc\u00fcyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir bulon oldu\u011fundan, killi, siltli gibi plastik \u00f6zellik g\u00f6steren yumu\u015fak ortamlarda kullan\u0131lmaz. Sadece bloklu-\u00e7atlakl\u0131 yap\u0131ya sahip rijit kaya ortamlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            KDP (KEND\u0130 DELEN KAYA BULONU):<\/strong> \u0130\u00e7i bo\u015f, matkap \u015feklinde 36 mm. \u00e7ap\u0131nda d\u0131\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131 yivli bulonlard\u0131r. Delici makinenin \u00fczerine tij gibi tak\u0131larak kullan\u0131l\u0131r ve delgi sonras\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131 al\u0131nmadan, delik i\u00e7inde b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r. Sonra bulonun i\u00e7indeki delikten enjeksiyon \u015ferbeti verilir ve bulon deli\u011fi dipten geriye do\u011fru enjeksiyon ile doldurulur. Bu tip bulonlar, a\u00e7\u0131lan deliklerin g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fck yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve sa\u011flam delik elde edilemeyen kaya ortamlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Torklama i\u00e7in, enjeksiyon priz s\u00fcresi beklendi\u011finden, an\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir bulon de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            S\u00fcren Uygulamas\u0131<\/strong>: Kaz\u0131 sonras\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fclmeye meyilli kaya ortamlar\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle sulu b\u00f6lgelerde, kaz\u0131ya girmeden \u00f6nce s\u00fcren uygulamas\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7elik iksa \u00fczerinden yatayla max. 5o<\/sup> – 10o<\/sup>\u00a0a\u00e7\u0131 yapacak bi\u00e7imde \u00e7ak\u0131l\u0131rlar ve adetleri kaz\u0131 destek t\u00fcrlerine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fir. Uygulamada daha \u00e7ok 1 1\/4″ \u00e7ap\u0131nda, 3.00 m.Iik borulardan faydalan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2 mm. et kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahip boru s\u00fcrenin kesme mukavemeti 26 mm. lik nerv\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7elikten daha y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in tercih edilmi\u015ftir.Enjeksiyonlu veya cebri \u00e7ak\u0131larak uygulanabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            ALT YARI \u0130MALATI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Kaz\u0131 ringinin tamamlanarak,olu\u015facak gerilmelerin tahkimata homojen olarak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla yap\u0131lan alt yan imalat\u0131;\u00fcst yan kaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 takiben yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Tahkimat elemanlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00fcst yandan farkl\u0131 olarak, sadece \u00e7elik has\u0131r ve shotcrete kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Kullan\u0131lan \u00e7elik has\u0131r O221\/221 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131nda olup her iki y\u00f6ndeki bindirmesi 30cm.dir.Ancak d\u00fc\u015fey y\u00f6ndeki bindirmeler \u00fcst yan esnas\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131lan 10mm.\u00e7ap\u0131ndaki d\u00fcz bindirme demirleri marifetiyle yap\u0131l\u0131r.Bu demirler 1.10m.boyunda olup L \u015feklinde k\u0131vr\u0131larak, <\/sub>\u00fcst yan \u00e7elik has\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n alt k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131na konur ve alt yan a\u015famas\u0131nda b\u00fck\u00fcl\u00fcp a\u00e7\u0131larak d\u00fc\u015fey bindirme sa\u011flan\u0131r<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \u00dcst yar\u0131 hangi kaz\u0131 destek tipinde a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa.alt yan da ayn\u0131 kaz\u0131 destek sisteminde yap\u0131l\u0131r.Donat\u0131 montaj\u0131 sonras\u0131, shotcrete at\u0131lacak y\u00fczey serbest malzemelerden ve sudan t\u00fcm\u00fcyle ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Reglaj ismi verilen bu uygulamadan sonra p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme beton uygulanarak kaz\u0131 a\u015famas\u0131 tamamlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Alt yan kaz\u0131 ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n ortalama boyu 3.00 m dir. Ancak kaya \u015fartlar\u0131 ve t\u00fcnel tipine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak bu oran de\u011fi\u015febilir.Alt yar\u0131n\u0131n tamamlanmas\u0131yla ge\u00e7ici tahkimat bitirilmi\u015f olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            TAHK\u0130MAT \u00d6NCES\u0130 DURAYL1LI\u011eI ARTTIRICI \u00d6NLEMLER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Tahkimat ta\u015f\u0131ma yetene\u011fini kaybetmi\u015f kayay\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yamaz,ancak kayalar\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve k\u00fctle etkisine dayanacak duruma getirir.Bu nedenle t\u00fcneli \u00e7evreleyen kaya ortam\u0131ndaki deformasyonlar\u0131n, istenmeyen oturmalara,gev\u015femelere ve kaya mukavemetinin azalmas\u0131na neden olmayacak kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olmas\u0131 gerekir.Bu durumu sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in t\u00fcnellerde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6nlemler al\u0131n\u0131r;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            1. S\u00fcren kullanmak veya say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmak,<\/li>
            2. Kaz\u0131 g\u00f6be\u011fi b\u0131rakmak,<\/li>
            3. Kaz\u0131 ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcltmek,<\/li>
            4. Kaz\u0131 alan\u0131n\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcltmek (par\u00e7al\u0131 kaz\u0131)<\/li>
            5. Kaz\u0131n\u0131n her safhas\u0131nda kayan\u0131n hava ile temas\u0131n\u0131 kesmek.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

              KALICI DESTEKLEME<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              T\u00fcnel desteklemsinin.ge\u00e7ici destekleme safhas\u0131ndan sonraki ikinci ve son a\u015famas\u0131d\u0131r.Kendi i\u00e7inde iki a\u015famada y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr.Birinci a\u015fama invertjkinci a\u015fama kemer betonlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6k\u00fclmesidir.Ancak kaplama \u00f6ncesi yap\u0131lan bir tak\u0131m \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler vard\u0131r.Bunlan<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              1 -T\u00fcnel Kesit Kontrolleri:<\/strong>T\u00fcnel teorik kaz\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 \u00fczerine,tahkimat eleman kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve harici \u201cd1\u201d tolerans miktar\u0131 ilave edilerek, <\/sub>bulunan s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n i\u00e7ine ge\u00e7ici destek yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ta\u015fmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gereklidir.Olas\u0131 ta\u015fma durumlar\u0131nda tarama yap\u0131l\u0131r ve tarama yap\u0131lan kesim yeniden desteklenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              2-Deformasyonlar\u0131n Kontrol\u00fc:<\/strong>T\u00fcnel i\u00e7i konverjans bulonlar\u0131ndan, \u015ferit ve optik ekstansometre \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri marifetiyle,elde edilen deformasyon de\u011ferleri kontrol edilir.Kemer kaplama beton \u00f6ncesi,deformasyonlar\u0131n ya tamam\u0131yla bitmi\u015f, yada elimine edilebilecek de\u011ferlerde olmas\u0131 gerekir.E\u011fer mevcut deformasyon bu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ise,deformasyon s\u00f6n\u00fcmlenene kadar beton d\u00f6k\u00fclemez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Y\u00d6NTEM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              T\u00fcm t\u00fcnellerde beton ard\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131.kaz\u0131 i\u015fleminin aksine,\u00f6nce alt yar\u0131 (invert) sonra \u00fcst yar\u0131 (kemer) betonu olacak \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr.Beton, d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131lacak kal\u0131b\u0131n yan\u0131na transmikserle ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p,yer pompas\u0131 marifetiyle kal\u0131ba sokulur.Nihai kaplama t\u00fcnelin makyajs\u0131z son hali oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, bu i\u015flemler kaliteli ve yeterli ekip ve ekipmanla yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.S\u0131ralanan nedenlerle beton d\u00f6k\u00fcm s\u00fcresinin uzamas\u0131 veya betonun kesintiye u\u011framas\u0131na m\u00fcsaade edilemez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Beton d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6ncesi.d\u00f6k\u00fcm esnas\u0131nda ve sonras\u0131,d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131lan ano kaliteyi bozucu d\u0131\u015f etki\u00adlerden muhafaza edilir.\u00d6rne\u011fin su her \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015famada,\u0131s\u0131 anomalileri;d\u00f6k\u00fcm s\u0131ras\u0131 ve sonras\u0131nda betonun kalitesini olumsuz etkiler.\u0130ki a\u015famada (invert-kemer) yap\u0131lan t\u00fcnel i\u00e7 kaplamalar\u0131nda izlenen metotlar a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              T\u00fcnel i\u00e7 kaplamas\u0131n\u0131n ilk safhas\u0131 olan.invert beton d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc sonuna kadar izlenen metodoloji ;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              a-<\/strong>D\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131lacak b\u00f6lgenin gabari kontrol\u00fcn\u00fcn yap\u0131lmas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              b-<\/strong>B\u00f6lgenin beton i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 (taban\u0131n serbest haldeki malzemelerden ve sudan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p d\u00f6k\u00fcm sonuna kadar muhafazas\u0131)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              c-<\/strong>Kal\u0131b\u0131n topografik montaj\u0131 ve kontrol\u00fc,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              d-<\/strong>Kal\u0131b\u0131n beton d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in ya\u011flanmas\u0131 ve ekipman\u0131n haz\u0131r oldu\u011funun kontrol\u00fc,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              e-<\/strong>Donat\u0131 montaj\u0131 ve kal\u0131pla birlikte m\u00fchendise teslimat\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              f-<\/strong>Beton d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc, g-D\u00f6k\u00fcm sonras\u0131, priz s\u00fcresi dolana kadar betonun muhafazas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              ve kemer betonlar\u0131 i\u00e7in izlenen y\u00f6ntem ise;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              a-<\/strong>D\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc yap\u0131lacak b\u00f6lgenin gabari ve deformasyon kontrol\u00fc,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              b-<\/strong>D\u00f6k\u00fclecek anoda su mevcut ise uygun y\u00f6ntemlerle betona temas ettirilmeden uzakla\u015ft\u0131 n imas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              c-<\/strong>Bulon ba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n anti-iletken boya ile yal\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              d-<\/strong>Donat\u0131 montaj\u0131 ve teslimat\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              e-<\/strong>Kal\u0131b\u0131n beton d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in ya\u011flanmas\u0131 ve ekipman\u0131n d\u00f6k\u00fcm i\u00e7in haz\u0131r oldu\u011funun kontrol\u00fc,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              f-<\/strong>Kal \u0131 bin topografik montaj\u0131 ve al\u0131n kal\u0131b\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131, g-Beton d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u015feklinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              BETON KALIPLARI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u0130NVERT KALIP :<\/strong>\u0130nvert kal\u0131plar\u0131 \u00e7elikten imal ve sac kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 min.5mm. dir.Kal\u0131plar m\u00fckerrer kullan\u0131ma uygun kendi kendine y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f sistemine sahiptir.4 Ayna i\u00e7in gerekli olan invert kal\u0131p say\u0131s\u0131 en az 2 dir.Kal\u0131plar d\u00fc\u015fey hareket yetene\u011fine sahiptir ve \u00fczerlerinde bir hidrolik pompas\u0131 mevcuttur.\u015eekil do\u011frulu\u011fu,rijitlik,su ge\u00e7irmezlik ve y\u00fczey p\u00fcr\u00fczs\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan her zaman iyi durum da muhafaza edilirler.Kal\u0131p \u00fczerinde monteli veya seyyar ayd\u0131nlatma sistemi bulunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              KEMER KALIP:<\/strong>T\u00fcm\u00fcyle \u00e7elikten imal edilen kemer kal\u0131plar\u0131 da m\u00fckerrer kulln\u0131ma uygun ve sac kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 min.8mm.dir.Kemer kal\u0131p iki ana b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fur.1.K\u0131s\u0131m \u015faryo b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr ve kal\u0131b\u0131n betonla temas eden sac panellerini ta\u015f\u0131r.\u015eary\u00f6.raylar \u00fczerinde hareket yetene\u011fini veren,mekanik y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f motorlar\u0131na sahiptir. 2.K\u0131s\u0131m ise \u015faryo \u00fczerindeki sac panellerden olu\u015fur.Kemer kal\u0131b\u0131 \u00fczerinde 1 konvert\u00f6r,1 hidrolik kumanda ve sac panel i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131na monteli,uygun say\u0131da 24 Volt la \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan,sat\u0131h vibrat\u00f6rleri mevcuttur.Bu sat\u0131h vibrat\u00f6rleri i\u00e7in,ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 tesis edilmi\u015f.paket \u015fartel kumanda paneli \u015faryo \u00fczerine montelidir.\u015eary\u00f6 \u00fczerine sac paneller.hem d\u00fc\u015fey hen de yatay hareket yetenekli hidrolik liftlerle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.Kemer sac panellerinde betonun en iyi \u015fekilde d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc ve i\u015flenmesi i\u00e7in yeter say\u0131da beton penceresi ve tavan kollekt\u00f6r\u00fc bulunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              BETON \u00dcRET\u0130M\u0130 VE NAKL\u0130YES\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              T\u00fcnel betonlar\u0131 i\u00e7in min. kapasitesi 35m3\/saat olan ve onayl\u0131 dizayn\u0131 verebilecek bir beton santrali tayin edilir.Bu santral mevsimsel de\u011fi\u015fimlerden etkilenmeyecek \u015fekilde te\u00e7hiz edilmi\u015f ve uygun mesafede yer almal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130stanbul Metrosu T\u00fcnellerinde kullan\u0131lan son kaplama betonu BS25 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131nda olup dizayn\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u00c7\u0130MENTO DOZAJI (kg)<\/td>350<\/td><\/tr>
              Dmax.(mm)<\/td>20<\/td><\/tr>
              W\/C<\/td>0.48<\/td><\/tr>
              SU (kg)<\/td>168<\/td><\/tr>
              POD\u0130MA DO\u011eAL KUM (0-2mm)<\/td>584<\/td><\/tr>
              YIKANMI\u015e KIRMA KUM (2-5mm)<\/td>241<\/td><\/tr>
              KIRMATA\u015e (5-1 2mm)<\/td>512<\/td><\/tr>
              KIRMATA\u015e (12-20mm)<\/td>532<\/td><\/tr>
              KATKI (%)<\/td>\u00a01<\/td><\/tr>
              SLUMP \u0131nvert<\/td>(11 -14)<\/td><\/tr>
              SLUMP KEMER<\/td>(16-19)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
              METRO-1 BS25 BETON D\u0130ZAYNI<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

              <\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u0130NVERT BETON KALIP MONTAJI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Beton d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in uygun \u015fartlara sahip \u00e2noya,invert kal\u0131p \u00e7ekilmeden \u00f6nce tamamen temizlenerek, y\u00fczeylerinin p\u00fcr\u00fczs\u00fcz olmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r.Kal\u0131b\u0131n betona temas eden y\u00fczeylerinin betona yap\u0131\u015fmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in ya\u011flan\u0131r.Kal\u0131b\u0131n ,beton esnas\u0131nda \u015fekil ve konumunu rijit olarak muhafaza edebilmesi ve beton y\u00fczeyinde ond\u00fclasyonu \u00f6nleyecek \u015fekilde,destek elemanlar\u0131 ile sabitlenir.Bu i\u015flem kal\u0131b\u0131n topograf nezaretinde ku\u00adrulmas\u0131 \u00f6ncesi yap\u0131l\u0131r.Beton d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc sonras\u0131,kal\u0131pta betonu zedeleyebilecek ve demontaj zorlu\u011fu \u00e7\u0131karan hi\u00e7 bir eleman olmamal\u0131,al\u0131n kal\u0131plan rahat\u00e7a s\u00f6k\u00fclebilmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma rahatl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan invert kal\u0131p \u00fczerine bir ah\u015fap platform olu\u015fturulur.Ayr\u0131ca kal\u0131p sabit veya seyyar ayd\u0131nlatma sistemiyle te\u00e7hiz edilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              DONATI MONTAJI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u0130nvert kal\u0131b\u0131n kurulmas\u0131ndan sonra,donat\u0131 montaj\u0131na ge\u00e7ilir. Metro t\u00fcnellerindeki t\u00fcm t\u00fcnel kesitlerinde donat\u0131 olarak \u00e7elik has\u0131r kullan\u0131lmakta olup, \u00e7ift s\u0131ra halinde montaj\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r.\u00d6ncelikle d\u0131\u015f donat\u0131 ba\u011flan\u0131r. Sonra \u00f6zel \u00e7elik has\u0131rdan b\u00fck\u00fclerek imal edilen,sehpa demirleri,ilk kat has\u0131r \u00fczerine monte edilir ve ikinci kat \u00e7elik has\u0131r ba\u011flanmas\u0131na girilir.T tipi hari\u00e7 di\u011fer t\u00fcm t\u00fcnellerde kullan\u0131lan \u00e7elik has\u0131r Q221\/443 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, T tipinde ise O378\/589 \u00e7elik has\u0131r kullan\u0131l\u0131r.Bindirme boyu 50 j0\u00f6lup,kal\u0131p \u00f6n y\u00fcz\u00fc ve arkas\u0131nda pas pay\u0131 mesafesi 4cm.dir.\u0130ki donat\u0131 aras\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan sehpa demirlerinin amac\u0131 hem pas pay \u0131, h e m de donat\u0131lar aras\u0131 mesafenin homojen kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakt\u0131 r. invert donat\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 ve kemer betonu i\u00e7in b\u0131rak\u0131lan bindirme filizleri aras\u0131na,al\u0131nlarda 15,kemerle temas y\u00fczeylerinde ise 5Ocm.ara ile su tutucu donat\u0131s\u0131 ba\u011flan\u0131r.Daha sonra 25cm.eninde ve 1 cm kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki PVC su tutucu conta yans\u0131 beton d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcnde beton i\u00e7inde kalacak bi\u00e7imde su tutucu demirleri aras\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilir.Conta birle\u015fim b\u00f6lgeleri elektrikli rezistans vas\u0131tas\u0131yla eritilerek yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131 n 11 r. Bu i\u015flemin itinal\u0131 ve s\u0131zd\u0131rmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flayacak bi\u00e7imde yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereklidir. Ayr\u0131ca ba\u011flanan donat\u0131n\u0131n temiz ve pass\u0131z olmas\u0131,ya\u011fla temas etmemi\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              T\u00fcm bu i\u015flemler tamamland\u0131ktan sonra kal\u0131b\u0131n ve donat\u0131n\u0131n temizli\u011fi .projesine uygunlu\u011fu m\u00fchendise teslim edilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              YEN\u0130KAPI – UNKAPANI ARASI METRO \u0130N\u015eAATI :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Proje Yenikap\u0131’dan Unkapan\u0131’na kadar yakla\u015f\u0131k 2600 m uzunlu\u011funda olup g\u00fczergah yap\u0131lar\u0131, delme ve a\u00e7-kapa t\u00fcneller ile 2 adet istasyon in\u015faat\u0131n\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca Hafif Rayl\u0131 Sistemi Yenikap\u0131 \u0130stasyonuma ba\u011flayan 721 m uzunlu\u011fundaki Yenikap\u0131-Aksaray hafif metro, g\u00fczergah\u0131 in\u015faat\u0131 da bu ihale kapsam\u0131ndad\u0131r. Yenikap\u0131-Unkapan\u0131 metro in\u015faat\u0131 i\u015fine 15.12.1998 tarihinde ba\u015flan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve son s\u00fcre uzat\u0131m\u0131yla birlikte i\u015fin s\u00fcresi 40 ayd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u015eehzadeba\u015f\u0131 istasyonu :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Konkors a\u00e7-kapa, platform katlan delme olarak in\u015fa edilecektir. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 44 m derinliktedir. Bir adet olan konkors yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n giri\u015f-\u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131 Vezneciler Caddesi, B\u00fcy\u00fck Re\u015fit Pa\u015fa Caddesi ve Onalt\u0131 Mart \u015eehitleri Caddesi’nde olmak \u00fczere 3 adettir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Yenikap\u0131 \u0130stasyonu :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              A\u00e7-kapa olarak in\u015fa edilecek konkors yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcnyesinde peron kat\u0131 mevcut olup, Hafif Rayl\u0131 Sistem ve Metronun ortak istasyonu olarak planlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca T\u00fcp T\u00fcnel istasyonu ile yolcu ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 mevcuttur. B\u00fcnyesinde ayr\u0131ca 107 otomobillik otopark ve yolcular\u0131n kolayl\u0131kla ula\u015fabilecekleri otob\u00fcs duraklan mevcuttur. \u0130n\u015faat alan\u0131 17500 m2<\/sup>‘dir. Yap\u0131lacak olan istintaklardan sonra in\u015faat\u0131na ba\u015flan\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              LRTS Hatt\u0131 :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Yenikap\u0131 \u0130stasyonu; Taksim-4.Levent Metro hatt\u0131 ile Bo\u011faz T\u00fcp ge\u00e7i\u015fi aras\u0131nda transfer istasyonu durumundad\u0131r. Buradaki yo\u011fun yolcu trafi\u011fi, 700 m’lik a\u00e7-kapa ve delme t\u00fcnellerle Hafif Rayl\u0131 Sistem yolcusunu Aksaray \u0130stasyonuna aktaracakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              T\u00fcneller:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              7 tip t\u00fcnel kesiti kullan\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Tek hatl\u0131 t\u00fcneller tip A, platform t\u00fcnelleri tip P, birle\u015fim t\u00fcnelleri tip T ve Ti, istasyon ba\u011flant\u0131 ve merdiven galerileri tip B2<\/sub> ve B3><\/sub> \u00e7ift hatl\u0131 t\u00fcneller tip C olarak in\u015fa edilecektir. Toplam t\u00fcnel boyu 6511 m’dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              TAKS\u0130M – UNKAPANI ARASI METRO \u0130N\u015eAATI :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Unkapan\u0131 – Taksim aras\u0131 Metro in\u015faat\u0131 22.10.1998’de ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Proje, Unkapan\u0131’ndan Taksim’e kadar yakla\u015f\u0131k 2550 m uzunlu\u011funda olup delme ve a\u00e7-kapa t\u00fcneller, 2 adet istasyon ve Hali\u00e7 ge\u00e7i\u015fi k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc in\u015faat\u0131n\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u0130stasyonlar :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              1-<\/strong> \u015ei\u015fhane   istasyonu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              2-<\/strong> Unkapan\u0131   istasyonu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              1-\u015ei\u015fhane \u0130stasyonu:<\/strong> Giri\u015f \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yap\u0131lar\u0131 ve bilet gi\u015felerinin bulundu\u011fu yerler a\u00e7-kapa yap\u0131lar olacak, yolcular\u0131n metroya binecekleri yerler ise delme t\u00fcnel yap\u0131 olarak in\u015fa edilecektir. Bu b\u00f6lgedeki istasyon derinli\u011fi yakla\u015f\u0131k 30 metredir. \u0130stasyon b\u00fcnyesinde 2 adet giri\u015f yap\u0131s\u0131 mevcuttur. 1. giri\u015f yap\u0131s\u0131 iki katl\u0131 olup in\u015faat alan\u0131 1200 m dir ve 20 d\u00fckk\u00e2nl\u0131 pasaj olarak planlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              2. giri\u015f yap\u0131s\u0131 d\u00f6rt katl\u0131 olup 1600 m2<\/sup>‘lik alana sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              2-<\/strong>Unkapan\u0131 \u0130stasyonu: Bu istasyonun giri\u015f yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131, Rag\u0131p G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f Pala Caddesi ikiye ay\u0131r\u0131rken yolcu platformu bu iki yap\u0131y\u0131 yerden 10m y\u00fckseklikte  bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc  ile birle\u015ftirmektedir.  Bu istasyona d\u00f6rt giri\u015f-\u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u0130n\u015faat alan\u0131 3500 m2<\/sup>‘dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              T\u00fcneller: <\/strong>Bu in\u015faat\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesinde 5 Tip t\u00fcnel kesiti kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. P tipi peron t\u00fcnelleri 508 m, B1 tipi istasyon ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 ve B3 merdiven t\u00fcnelleri 270 m, A tipi hat t\u00fcnelleri 2900 m a\u00e7-kapa t\u00fcneller ve istinatt\u0131 dolgu ve yarmalar ise 80 m’dir. T\u00fcnellerin toplam boyu 3900 m’dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Hali\u00e7 Ge\u00e7i\u015fi K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc :<\/strong> Toplam uzunlu\u011fu 892 m’dir. Ayaklar aras\u0131 karada 36m, denizde ortadaki a\u00e7\u0131labilir a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k 92m, di\u011fer yan a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131klar ise 52 . m ve 80 m de\u011fi\u015fken olarak tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Orta a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k, b\u00fcy\u00fck tonajl\u0131 gemilerin ge\u00e7ebilmesi i\u00e7in duba \u00fcst\u00fcnde yana d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclerek a\u00e7\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Denizdeki ayaklar, \u00e7elik boru kaz\u0131klar ile (~ L = 80 m) temel kayaya soketlenecektir. Denizdeki tabiiye, boylama ve enleme kiri\u015flerle (ortoponal olarak) takviye edilmi\u015f \u00e7elik tabiiye levhas\u0131ndan olu\u015facakt\u0131r. Karadaki a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131klarda ise kompozit sistem uygulanacakt\u0131r<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u0130stanbul Metrosu 2. K\u0131s\u0131m \u0130n\u015faat\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda yer alan \u015ei\u015fhane \u0130stasyonu 2 adet konkorsu a\u00e7-kapa tarz\u0131nda in\u015fa edilecektir. Konkors kaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evre yap\u0131lara zarar vermeden yap\u0131labilmesi amac\u0131yla kaz\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ngermeli ankrajlarla sa\u011flam zemine tutturulmu\u015f betonarme perde duvar ile desteklenmesi \u00f6nerilmektedir. \u00d6nerilen sistem ile ilgili hesaplar a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da sunulmu\u015ftur.Bu hesap raporu yerle\u015fim plan\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fiklerden dolay\u0131 yap\u0131lan revize hesaplar\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              1.ZEM\u0130N KO\u015eULLARI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u015ei\u015fhane \u0130stasyonunda daha \u00f6nce ME26 ve ME28 numaral\u0131 sondajlar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mevcut sondajlardan y\u00fczeyden itibaren 3-4 m kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yapay dolguyu takiben kumta\u015f\u0131-siltta\u015f\u0131-kilta\u015f\u0131 ardalanmas\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r. Ana kaya az sert-sert, \u00e7ok altere olmu\u015f-altere, \u00e7ok k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131-k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r. S\u00fcreksizlik d\u00fczlemeleri sakl\u0131 veya a\u00e7\u0131k parlak y\u00fczeyli veya az p\u00fcr\u00fczl\u00fc, d\u00fczlemsel, demiroksit izli olup kalsit ve kilde i\u00e7ermektedir. Karot y\u00fczdesi % 25-100, RQD y\u00fczdesi % 0-76 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Hesaplara esas idealize zemin profili \u00fcst seviyelerdeki dolgu malzemesi ve anakayan\u0131n ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 da dikkate alacak \u015fekilde se\u00e7ilmi\u015f ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da \u00f6zetlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              0-10 mc = 0 ,\u00a0\u00a0 \"\"= 30\u00b0\u00a0\u00a0 , \"\"\u00a0= 20 kN\/m3<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              10-30 mc = O ,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \"\"\u00a0= 35\u00b0\u00a0\u00a0 , \"\"\u00a0= 22 kN\/m3<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              2. KAZI DURUMU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Kaz\u0131 \u00e7evresi \u00e7ok katl\u0131 yap\u0131 ve yollar ile \u00e7evrilidir. Kaz\u0131 duvarlar\u0131 boyunca gerek kaz\u0131 derinli\u011fi, gerekse \u00e7evre yap\u0131lar\u0131n konumlar\u0131 itibariyle farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6steren kesimlerden ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 enkesitler al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u0130stasyon kapsam\u0131ndaki kaz\u0131lar 1 konkorsda 12.50 m ile 22 m aras\u0131nda, 2. konkorsda 15.45 m ile 30.00 m aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              3.ANAL\u0130ZLER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u0130stasyonun yo\u011fun yerle\u015fim alan\u0131nda yer almas\u0131 nedeniyle kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7evrede oturmalara neden olmayacak veya minimum oturmalara neden olacak s\u00fck\u00fbnetteki toprak bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilmektedir. Ankrajl\u0131 sistemlerde s\u00fckunetteki toprak bas\u0131nc\u0131 da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 duvar boyunca \u00fcniform olmak \u00fczere<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \"\"\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (Hunt, 1986) olarak verilmektedir. Burada,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \"\" (s\u00fckunetteki toprak bas\u0131nc\u0131 katsay\u0131s\u0131)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \"\"\u00a0= birim hacim a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              H    = Kaz\u0131 y\u00fcksekli\u011fi olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zemin y\u00fczeyinde bir s\u00fcr\u015farj y\u00fck\u00fc (qs) olmas\u0131 durumunda bu y\u00fck\u00fcn duvar \u00fczerinde yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilave \u00fcniform bas\u0131n\u00e7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              q2<\/sub> = K0<\/kbd>qs \u00a0<\/sub>olarak hesaplanabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Kaz\u0131 kesitleri i\u00e7in ankraj yerle\u015fiminin d\u00fczenlenmesinde \u00f6ncelikle duvar boyunca d\u00fc\u015feyde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 planlanan ankraj say\u0131s\u0131 (n), a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 (\"\") ve ankraj servis y\u00fck\u00fc (T) belirlenmi\u015ftir. Planlanan ankrajlar\u0131n yatay aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015fekilde hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

              \u0130stanbul Grovaklar\u0131nda daha \u00f6nce yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda ankraj k\u00f6k b\u00f6lgesi i\u00e7in birim s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme direnci<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              fs<\/sub> =450kPa<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              olarak belirlenmi\u015f olup 12.5 cm \u00e7ap\u0131nda ve 8.0 m k\u00f6k boyuna sahip bir ankraj i\u00e7in maksimum kapasite<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Tult = 0.125×3.14x8x450 =  1413 kN .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              emniyetli kapasite ise<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              T   = Tult\/ 2.0 =  1413\/2 = 706 kN<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durumda ankraj servis y\u00fck\u00fc T = 600 kN<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve 4 adet 0.6 in\u00e7 \u00e7ap\u0131nda \u00f6ngermeli, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gev\u015femeli halat kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Yukar\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klanan y\u00f6ntemle hesaplanan ankrajlar\u0131n boylan ankraj k\u00f6k b\u00f6lgelerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7ine alan derin kayma daireleri (toptan g\u00f6\u00e7me) i\u00e7in minimum 1.5 g\u00fcvenlik say\u0131s\u0131 verecek \u015fekilde ayarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6zkonusu analizler SLOPE\/VV (Geo-Slope) bilgisayar program\u0131 kullan\u0131larak yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              1.1. Yer\u00fcst\u00fc Yap\u0131lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00fcnitelerden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              a.<\/strong>Giri\u015f a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              b.<\/strong>Havaland\u0131rma bacalar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              c.<\/strong>Metro i\u015fletme yap\u0131lar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              1.2. T\u00fcneller<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              T\u00fcnel in\u015faatlar\u0131 genellikle 1 hat gidi\u015f 1 hat geli\u015f olmak \u00fczere toplam tek hat’ \u00fczerinden 12.933 m. uzunlu\u011funda olacakt\u0131r. T\u00fcm t\u00fcnel g\u00fczergah\u0131 \u00fczerinde kaz\u0131 kesitleri 22 ile 100 m2<\/sup>\u00a0aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen ve kesit \u00e7izimleri ekler b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde bulunan 6 tip t\u00fcnelden olu\u015fmak\u00adtad\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcnel tipleri \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              A Tipi : At nal\u0131 \u015fekilli ana hat t\u00fcnelleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              P Tipi : Yak\u0131n indirme-bindirme peronlar\u0131ndaki istasyon<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            platform t\u00fcnelleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              T Tipi      : Makas b\u00f6lgelerindeki t\u00fcneller<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              B1Tipi\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 : \u0130stasyon platform ba\u011flant\u0131 veya ge\u00e7i\u015f t\u00fcnelleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              B2Tipi\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 : Merdiven t\u00fcnelleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              B3Tipi\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 : Emniyet giri\u015f-\u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f t\u00fcnelleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Bu t\u00fcnellerin tiplerine g\u00f6re \u00f6zellikleri ise \u015f\u00f6yledir :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              T\u00fcnel Tipi<\/td>Kesit Alan\u0131<\/td>Uzunlu\u011fu<\/td>Net Kaz\u0131 Hacmi<\/td><\/tr>
              A<\/td>36m2<\/sup><\/td>10.176 m<\/td>366.170m3<\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
              P<\/td>64m2<\/sup><\/td>1.096m<\/td>70.200m3<\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
              B1<\/td>42m2<\/sup><\/td>360m<\/td>15.120m3<\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
              B2<\/td>22m2<\/sup><\/td>327m<\/td>7.194m3<\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
              B3<\/td>44m2<\/sup><\/td>320m<\/td>14.080m3<\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
              T<\/td>100m2<\/sup><\/td>654m<\/td>65.400m3<\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
               <\/td>Toplam<\/td>12.933m<\/td>538.164m3<\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

              1.3. A\u00e7-Kapa   Galeriler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u0130n\u015faat kapsam\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde yap\u0131lacak olan a\u00e7-kapa galeri tipleri ve \u00f6zellikleri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                     Kesit Alan\u0131                          Uzunlu\u011fu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              J\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tipi\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 : Ayr\u0131 ikiz galeriler\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 22.56 m2<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 620 m<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              D\u00a0\u00a0 Tipi\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 : Biti\u015fik galeri\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 45.13 m2<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 330 M<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              G\u00a0\u00a0 Tipi\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 : \u0130stinat duvarl\u0131 galeri\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 49.50 m2<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 100 m<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              2.1.Gayrettepe Yakla\u015f\u0131m Galerisi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Gayrettepe’de Tatko binas\u0131 arkas\u0131ndan bir giri\u015fle 129 m. uzunlu\u00ad\u011funda bir yakla\u015f\u0131m galerisi ile Hali\u00e7 hatt\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f 32m.’lik bir ba\u011flant\u0131 t\u00fcneli ile de Bo\u011faz hatt\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Burada elde edilen 4 ayna ile Gayrettepe \u0130stasyonu ve Mecidiyek\u00f6y y\u00f6nlerine d\u00f6rtl\u00fc t\u00fcnel kaz\u0131s\u0131 s\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              2.2.Zincirlikuyu Kuyusu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemekle birlikte; Gayrettepe ve Levent aras\u0131n\u00addaki yeralt\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rmak ve d\u00f6rt fazla ayna elde ede\u00adbilmek amac\u0131yla Zincirlikuyuda \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir yakla\u015f\u0131m kuyusunun a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na karar verilerek Ocak 1994’te, bu kuyunun a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kuyu projesi ve ekipman dizayn\u0131 \u015ei\u015fli kuyusunun ayn\u0131 yani elips kesitli olacakt\u0131r. Bu kuyu tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Gayrettepe – Levent kesimi t\u00fcnel kaz\u0131 h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 beklenmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              3.T\u00dcNELLER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u00d6nceki b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f olan t\u00fcnel t\u00fcrlerinden (A) ana hat; P (Platform), T ( Makas), B1\u00a0(Ba\u011flant\u0131) t\u00fcnellerinin kaz\u0131lmas\u0131 21 aynada s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. Bunlarla ilgili yap\u0131m detaylar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              3.1.Y\u00f6ntem<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u0130stanbul Metrosu yeralt\u0131 kaz\u0131lar\u0131, en yeni metot olan Yeni Avusturya T\u00fcnel Metodu (NATM) ile a\u00e7\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6ntemin \u00f6zelli\u011fi hemen kaz\u0131 sonras\u0131 p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme betonla \u00f6n yal\u0131t\u0131m, \u00e7elik ba\u011flarla ve has\u0131r \u00e7elikle giydirme ve ikinci kat p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme betonla peki\u015ftirmedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              3.2. Kaz\u0131  ve Destekleme S\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Metro t\u00fcnelleri, yap\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan 3 s\u0131n\u0131fa ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              A3 S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131: Binalar\u0131n alt\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en b\u00f6l\u00fcmler<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              A2\u00a0S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 : Yollar\u0131n alt\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en b\u00f6l\u00fcmler<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              A1\u00a0S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131: Bo\u015f alan ve yap\u0131la\u015fma olmayan b\u00f6lgelere verilen s\u0131n\u0131f\u00adland\u0131rma isimleridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Bu s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re kaz\u0131 ve destekleme boyutlar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              3.2.1.<\/strong> A1\u00a0tipinde bir kerede yap\u0131lacak kaz\u0131 uzunlu\u011fu 100- 150 cm p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme beton kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 10-15 cm. olmakta ve tek s\u0131ra has\u0131r-\u00e7elik yerle\u015ftirilmekte olup, \u00e7elik giydirme ba\u011f\u0131 konulmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              3.2.2. <\/strong>A2\u00a0tipinde kaz\u0131 uzunlu\u011fu 100,120 cm., p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme beton kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 20 cm.’ dir. Tek s\u0131ra has\u0131r-\u00e7elik ve 100-120 cm. aral\u0131kla \u00e7elik giydirme ba\u011f\u0131 konulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              3.2.3.<\/strong> A3\u00a0tipinde kaz\u0131 uzunlu\u011fu 80-100 cm.,\u00a0\u00a0 p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme betonu 20 cm.’dir. \u00c7ift s\u0131ra has\u0131r-\u00e7elik ve 80-100 cm. aral\u0131kla \u00e7elik giydirme ba\u011f\u0131 konulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Belirtilen bu s\u0131n\u0131flamaya ra\u011fmen zeminin jeolojik durumu dikkate al\u0131narak yap\u0131lan jeoteknik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm yorumlamalar\u0131 uygun \u00e7\u0131kara, A1\u00a0ve A2\u00a0b\u00f6lgelerinde A3\u00a0veya A1\u00a0b\u00f6lgesinde A2\u00a0ve A3\u00a0ve ge\u00e7i\u015fler bazen yap\u0131labilmek\u00adtedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              3.3.  Kaz\u0131  Yap\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              T\u00fcnel kaz\u0131lar\u0131, gagal\u0131 kaz\u0131c\u0131 (Jack Hammer) ve kafal\u0131 kaz\u0131c\u0131 (Road-Header) denilen makinelerle yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Gagal\u0131 kaz\u0131c\u0131 makinelerde, ekskavat\u00f6r tipi makinelerin ucuna yerle\u015ftirilen zemini k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 darbe yapan u\u00e7lar, ta\u015f\u0131 par\u00e7alamak suretiyle kaz\u0131y\u0131 yapmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

               Kafal\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 (Road Haeder) tipi makineler, \u00f6zel olarak imal edilmekte ve ucunda kesici u\u00e7lar ihtiva etmektedir. Makine bu u\u00e7lar\u0131 d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmek suretiyle formasyonu par\u00e7alamakta, d\u00f6k\u00fclen malzemeyi kep\u00e7esi ile al\u0131p, elevat\u00f6rleri ile arkaya aktarmakta ve kamyona otomatik olarak y\u00fcklemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Gagal\u0131 kaz\u0131c\u0131larla yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131da, kaz\u0131 malzemesi nakli i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 bir i\u015f makinesine gereksinim vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              3.4. Desteklemenin  Yap\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Kaz\u0131 ve t\u00fcnel \u00e7evresi taramalar\u0131 bitirildi\u011finde has\u0131r-\u00e7elik ve \u00e7elik giydirme ba\u011flar yerle\u015ftirilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Has\u0131r-\u00e7elikler, enine ve boyuna dik olmak \u00fczere demir \u00e7ubuklardan has\u0131r bi\u00e7iminde fabrikada imal edilmektedir. \u00c7elik giydirmeler, \u00fc\u00e7gen kesitli nerv\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7elik \u00e7ubuklar\u0131 ile profil elemanlar\u0131n bile\u015fiminden olu\u015fan ve kaz\u0131 \u00e7evresi boyunca t\u00fcneli desteklemek amac\u0131 ile at\u00f6lyede projesine g\u00f6re imal edilen ba\u011flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Has\u0131r-\u00e7elik ve \u00e7elik ba\u011f yerle\u015ftirildikten sonra p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme beton uygulamas\u0131na ge\u00e7ilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              P\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme beton, kuyu yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131nda kuyu boyunca, giri\u015flerde ise   giri\u015f t\u00fcnellerine   yak\u0131n yerlerde kurulmu\u015f beton tesislerinde \u00fcretilmektedir.   Malzeme kum, ince \u00e7ak\u0131l,    kaba  \u00e7ak\u0131l,   \u00f6nceden deneyleri yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f   oranlarda   kuru   olarak   haz\u0131rlanmaktad\u0131r. Bu tesislerde haz\u0131rlanan   kuru   malzeme   transmixer veya di\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131\u00ady\u0131c\u0131lar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla kaz\u0131 yap\u0131lan b\u00f6lgenin yak\u0131n\u0131nda bulunan p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00adme beton pompas\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. P\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme beton pompalar\u0131, kuru   malzemeyi bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 hava ile ve bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 su ile birlikte kaz\u0131 cidar\u0131na p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fcrler. Beton malzemesi pompan\u0131n i\u00e7ine aktar\u0131l\u0131rken toz halinde imal edilmi\u015f katk\u0131 malzemesi de ilave edilmektedir. Bu katk\u0131 malzemesinin miktar\u0131, kuru beton olarak \u00e7imento miktar\u0131n\u0131n % 2-5 oran\u0131ndad\u0131r. P\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fclen bu malzeme kaz\u0131 cidar\u0131na bas\u0131n\u00e7la uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda,    % 30-50    oran\u0131nda    bir    d\u00f6k\u00fclme    olmaktad\u0131r. P\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme i\u015flemine h as\u0131r-\u00e7elik ve \u00e7elik giydirme y\u00fczeyi t\u00fcm\u00fc ile kaplan\u0131ncaya kadar devam edilmektedir. P\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme beton uygula\u00admas\u0131 tamamland\u0131ktan sonra, di\u011fer bir kaz\u0131 i\u015flemine ge\u00e7ilir. 2 ile 3 g\u00fcn sonra p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme beton yap\u0131lan b\u00f6lgeye kaya bulonu yap\u0131lmak\u00adtad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u0130zleyen sayfadaki 5 No.lu \u00c7izelgede Destekleme  ve  Bulonlama i\u015fleri g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              3.5. Bulonlama \u0130\u015fleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Kaya bulonlar\u0131 bir kesite A1f<\/sub>A2<\/sub> ve A3<\/sub>   tiplerine   g\u00f6re  s\u0131ras\u0131yla 4-5, 6-7 ve 7-8 adet \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtmal\u0131 olarak \u00e7ak\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              3.5.1. Normal  Bulonlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Delikler, Jumbo denilen sondaj makineleriyle 45 mm. \u00e7ap\u0131nda 3-5 m. boyunda 80-150 cm. aral\u0131klarla a\u00e7\u0131lmak\u00adta, i\u00e7ine \u00e7imento \u015ferbeti doldurulduktan sonra 26 mm. \u00e7ap\u0131nda ve delik uzunlu\u011funa g\u00f6re \u00f6nceden at\u00f6lyede haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f bulonlar, delik i\u00e7ine itilmektedirler. Bulonun u\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131ndaki plaka ve somunun s\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6nce, \u00e7imentonun delik i\u00e7inde kat\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 beklenmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              3.5.2.\u015ei\u015fen  Bulonlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              T\u00fcnelin en \u00fcst k\u0131sm\u0131nda ve buna yak\u0131n olan b\u00f6lgelerde \u00e7imento \u015ferbeti akt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan veya \u00e7ak\u0131lan bulon kendi a\u011f\u0131r\u00adl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bu b\u00f6lgelere s\u00fcper swellex tipinde \u015fi\u015fen bulonlar\u0131n \u00e7ak\u0131lmas\u0131 tercih edilmektedir. Bu tip bulonlar ince cidarl\u0131 ve yumu\u015fak malzemeden yap\u0131l\u00adm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00c7aplar\u0131 deforme edilmek suretiyle k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Deli\u011fe uyguland\u0131ktan sonra, bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 hava verilip kesiti dairesel olmakta ve deli\u011fe s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme ile intibak etmekte\u00addirler. Bu tiplerde \u00e7imento \u015ferbeti uygulanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in hem h\u0131zl\u0131 ve hemde g\u00fcvenilir bir sistem elde edilmi\u015f olmakta\u00add\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              3.5.3.Matkap Bulonlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Metro t\u00fcnellerinde, bir ba\u015fka bulon sistemi ise Kendi Delen Enjeksiyon bulonlar\u0131 d\u0131r. Bu bulonlar, deli\u011fi delen matkap yerinde b\u0131rak\u0131larak ucundan deli\u011fe enjeksiyon verilmek suretiyle \u00e7ak\u0131lmaktad\u0131rlar. Bunlar daha \u00e7ok, zeminin bozuk oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde temel kesitinin \u00fcst k\u0131sm\u0131nda s\u00fcrg\u00fc \u00e7ubu\u011fu yerine kullan\u0131lmakta ve bozuk zeminin hem s\u00fcrg\u00fc ve hem de \u00e7imento enjeksiyonu yard\u0131\u00adm\u0131 ile desteklenmesi yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Literat\u00fcrde s\u0131k\u00e7a ve \u00f6nemle \u00fczerinde duruldu\u011fu halde \u015fu ana kadar yap\u0131\u00adlan kaz\u0131larda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli faylar g\u00f6zlenmemi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle t\u00fcnel kaz\u0131lar\u0131 esnas\u0131nda, t\u00fcnel kesitinin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc baz alarak fay olarak adland\u0131r\u0131la\u00adbilecek her birka\u00e7 metrede bir s\u00fcreksizlikler izlenmektedir. Bunlar\u0131n zonlar\u0131 birka\u00e7 cm.’den ba\u015flay\u0131p 0,5 m.’ye kadar ula\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Fay y\u00fczeyleri d\u00fcz\/kaygan olup, zonlar\u0131 fay kili ve\/veya ilgili kaya\u00e7 k\u0131r\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131ndan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Gerek ara\u015ft\u0131rma sondajlar\u0131na ve gerekse kaz\u0131larda yap\u0131lan g\u00f6zlemlere g\u00f6re RQD % O ile % 50 aras\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. “Rock Mass Rat\u0131ng”‘ e (Bieniavvski) g\u00f6re kaya kalitesi s\u0131n\u0131flamas\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 20 ile 55 aras\u0131 de\u011ferler elde edilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              G\u00fczergahtaki yeralt\u0131 su seviyesi topografik yap\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak Taksim ve 4. Levent b\u00f6lgeleri hari\u00e7 y\u00fczeyden itibaren 10 m. derindedir. Taksim ve 4. Levent’ te s eviye daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Ancak t\u00fcnellerde su geliri olduk\u00e7a azd\u0131r; su geliri kendisine nemlilik, s\u0131zma veya damlama \u015f eklinde g\u00f6ster\u00admektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Metro g\u00fczergah\u0131ndaki kaz\u0131lar s\u0131ras\u0131nda rastlanan kaya\u00e7larm kaya mekani\u011fi \u00f6zellikleri izleyen sayfadaki 10 No.lu \u00e7izelgede g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              4. JEOTEKN\u0130K   \u00d6L\u00c7\u00dcMLER    <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              4.1.\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcm T\u00fcrleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u0130stanbul Metrosu 1. A\u015fama, 1. ve 2. K\u0131s\u0131m \u0130\u015fleri kapsam\u0131nda yap\u0131l\u00admakta olan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri istasyonlar ve t\u00fcneller i\u00e7in olmak \u00fczere iki gruptan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              4.1.1. T\u00fcneller i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u00c7ubuk ekstansometreler<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              T\u00fcnel i\u00e7i konverjans \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              T\u00fcnel i\u00e7i opto-trigonometrik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Y\u00fczey ve bina oturma \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u0130nklinometreler<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Kaya bulonu y\u00fck h\u00fccreleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Bas\u0131n\u00e7 h\u00fccreleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              4.1.2. \u0130stasyonlar \u0130\u00e7in Yap\u0131lan \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcmler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u0130nklinometreler<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Y\u00fczey ve bina oturma \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Duvarlar\u0131n optik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Ankraj y\u00fck h\u00fccreleri<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              4.2. \u00c7ubuk Ekstansometreler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Bir sondaj kuyusu i\u00e7ine Zeminin d\u00fc\u015fey hareketini g\u00f6zlemek i\u00e7;^ yerle\u015ftirilmektedirler. Genelde \u00fc\u00e7 kademeden olu\u015furlar. En az kademesi t\u00fcnel tavan\u0131n\u0131n en \u00e7ok 2 m. \u00fczerine gelecek \u015fekilde kuyuya indirilir. Di\u011fer kademelerin yeri jeolojik yap\u0131ya gere belirlenir. Kademe say\u0131s\u0131 gerekti\u011finde artt\u0131r\u0131labilir veya azalt\u0131la\u00adbilir. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcmler yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde monte edilen ekstansometre kafas\u0131ndan al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerin yerleri ve s\u00fcreleri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              T\u00fcnel-aynas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm noktas\u0131na min. 30 m. kala ilk \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              T\u00fcnel aynas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm kesitine 10 m. kal\u0131ncaya kadar, iki g\u00fcnde bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              T\u00fcnel aynas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm kesitini 10 m. ge\u00e7inceye kadar,   her g\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              T\u00fcnel aynas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm kesitini 30 m. ge\u00e7inceye kadar, iki g\u00fcnde bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Daha sonra deformasyon durumuna g\u00f6re \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerin al\u0131n\u0131p al\u0131nma\u00admas\u0131na karar verilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              4.3.T\u00fcnel \u0130\u00e7i Konverjans ve Opto-Trigonometrik \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcmler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Konverjans \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri 0.01 mm. hassasiyeti! \u015ferit ekstansometreler vas\u0131tas\u0131yla t\u00fcnel tavan\u0131 ve duvarlar\u0131n\u0131n relatif hareketlerini g\u00f6zle\u00admek amac\u0131yla; Opto-trigonometrik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler ise, duvarlar\u0131n mutlak hareketlerini yatayda ve d\u00fc\u015feyde \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131rlar<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Her iki \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm cinsi de bir adeti tavanda ve iki\u015fer adedi yan duvar\u00adlarda olmak \u00fczere toplam be\u015f adet toplama bulonu kullan\u0131larak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmektedir. T\u00fcnellerde ortalama her yirmi be\u015f metrede bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm kesitleri olu\u015fturulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Konverjans ve opto-trigonomertik .\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerin s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibidir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              a.<\/strong>Kaz\u0131 i\u015flemi .tamamlan\u0131r tamamlanmaz toplama bulonlar\u0131 yerle\u015ftirilir ve p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme betonu prizi ald\u0131ktan sonra ilk \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              b.<\/strong>T\u00fcnel aynas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm kesitini 10 m. ge\u00e7inceye kadar, her g\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm yap\u0131l\u0131r..<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              c.<\/strong>T\u00fcnel aynas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm kesitini 30 m. ge\u00e7inceye kadar,   iki g\u00fcnde bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              30 m.’den sonra   \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerin   al\u0131nmas\u0131   deformasyonlara ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              4.4.Y\u00fczey ve Bina Oturma \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Y\u00fczeye ve binalara \u00e7ak\u0131lan bulonlar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla oturmalar \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu i\u015f i\u00e7in y\u00fczeyde t\u00fcnellerin eksenlerine dik olacak \u015fekilde ortala\u00adma her.25 m.’de bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm kesitleri olu\u015fturulur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Burada da \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ubuk ekstansometrede oldu\u011fu gibi t\u00fcnel aynas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm kesitine g\u00f6re belirlenir. Ancak istasyon b\u00f6lgelerin\u00addeki oturmalar kritik durumuna g\u00f6re her g\u00fcn yada birka\u00e7 g\u00fcnde bir al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              4.5. Ankraj Y\u00fck H\u00fccreleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Bunlar, ankrajlardaki gerilme kuvvetlerinin de\u011fi\u015fimlerini g\u00f6zlemek amac\u0131yla ankraj kafalar\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilen, bir manometreye ba\u011fl\u0131 i\u00e7i ya\u011f dolu silindirik cihazlard\u0131r. Her h\u00fccre yerle\u015ftirilmeden \u00f6nce laboratuarda test ve kalibre edilir. Yerle\u015ftirildikten sonra okumalar g\u00fcnl\u00fck olarak al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              4.6. \u0130stasyon Duvarlar\u0131nda Optik \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcmler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Birincil destekleme i\u015flemi bitmi\u015f duvarlar\u0131n deplasmanlar\u0131n\u0131   takip etmek amac\u0131yla \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcmler sabit bir noktadan mesafe ve a\u00e7\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerek ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcmler deplasmanlar\u0131n boyutlar\u0131na   g\u00f6re   g\u00fcnl\u00fck   veya   birka\u00e7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              g\u00fcnde bir al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              4.7. Kaya Bulonu Y\u00fck H\u00fccreleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Kaya bulonlar\u0131nda ki gerilmelerin de\u011fi\u015fikliklerini izlemek amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131rlar. Ana prensip, ankrajlardaki y\u00fck h\u00fccrelerindeki gibidir. Ancak kaya bulonlar\u0131na uygulanan \u00f6n germe kuvveti daha az oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in y\u00fck h\u00fccrelerinin boyutlar\u0131 daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcm s\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131 konverjans ve opto – trigonometrikte oldu\u011fu gibi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm yeri ile t\u00fcnel aynas\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki mesafeye bak\u0131larak ayarlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              4.8. Hidrolik Bas\u0131n\u00e7 H\u00fccreleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              P\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme betonuna gelen radyal ve te\u011fetsel gerilmeleri izlemek amac\u0131yla yerle\u015ftirilmektedirler. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcmler   \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm yeri ile t\u00fcnel aynas\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki mesafeye g\u00f6re al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              4.9.   \u00d6L\u00c7\u00dcMLER\u0130N   DE\u011eERLEND\u0130R\u0130LMES\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              T\u00fcnellerin kaz\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, her kaz\u0131 evresinde t\u00fcnel aynas\u0131 incelenmekte ve burada g\u00f6zlenen m\u00fchendislik jeolojisi \u00f6zellikleri “Yer alt\u0131 kaz\u0131s\u0131 Jeoteknik bilgi” formuna i\u015flenmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca her t\u00fcnelin perimetri haritalar\u0131 ve boy kesitleri \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmakta ve saptanan t\u00fcm m\u00fchendislik jeolojisi parametreleri \u00e7izelgeler halinde bu haritalara ve kesitlere i\u015flen\u00admektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              G\u00fczergahta yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken t\u00fcm jeoteknik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm aletleri ve bunlar\u0131n karakteristikleri belirtilerek proje paftalar\u0131nda g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Ancak gere\u011finde bu paftalarda belirtilen \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlere ek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler de yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u00c7ubuk ekstansometre, konverjans, opto-trigonometrik, y\u00fczey ve bina otur\u00adma \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri ile elde edilen deplasmanlar” GAM” ad\u0131 bir bilgisayar prog\u00adram\u0131 yard\u0131m\u0131yla, grafikler halinde t\u00fcnel ilerlemelerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak sunula\u00adbilmektedir. Ayn\u0131 program vas\u0131tas\u0131yla y\u00fck h\u00fccrelerindeki gerilim artmalar\u0131 yada kay\u0131plar\u0131 KN cinsinden grafiklerle g\u00f6sterilmektedir. Yine ayn\u0131 program yard\u0131m\u0131yla p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme betonundaki te\u011fetsel ve radyal gerilmeler de grafiklerden izlenebilmektedir  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

              6.PROJE   KARAKTER\u0130ST\u0130KLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Ortalama ticari h\u0131z 40 km\/h<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              En y\u00fcksek h\u0131z 90 km\/h<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Tren aral\u0131klar\u0131 120 saniye (normal i\u015fletmede)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Tren aral\u0131klar\u0131 90 saniye (sinyal ve enerji sistemi dizayn kriterleri)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Maksimum yolcu kapasitesi bir y\u00f6nde bir saatte 70.000 yolcu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              G\u00fcnde 20 saat i\u015fletmede 1.400.000 yolcu bir y\u00f6nde.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              6.1METRO  ARA\u00c7LARI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              1.A\u015fama i\u00e7in temin edilecek ara\u00e7 say\u0131s\u0131 60 adet vagon veya 15 adet 4 vagonlu katar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              2.A\u015fama i\u00e7in temin edilecek   ara\u00e7 108   adet   vagon   veya   4   vagonlu 27 adet katar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              En k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck tren dizisi, d\u00f6rt adet vagonun ABBA \u015feklinde dizili\u015fiyle elde edilecektir. (A tipi s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc kabinli B tipi s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc kabinsiz vagondur.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              4 vagonlu trenin normal yolcu kapasitesi yakla\u015f\u0131k 1250 ki\u015fidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Metro   ara\u00e7lar\u0131   g\u00f6vdesinin   paslanmaz   \u00e7elik   veya   al\u00fcminyum   ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131  saclardan kaynak suretiyle imalat\u0131 istenmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Normal i\u015fletmede ara\u00e7 ivmesi 1.0 m\/s2.dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u0130\u015fletme fren ivmesi 1.0 m\/s2, ani fren ivmesi 1.4 m\/s2.dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              H\u0131zlanma ve frende m\u00fcsaade edilen en b\u00fcy\u00fck sars\u0131nt\u0131 ivmesi 1.1 m\/s2.dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              En b\u00fcy\u00fck h\u0131z 90 km\/h.d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Ara\u00e7larda s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc kabin sinyalizasyonu ve buna ait tren te\u00e7hizat\u0131 bulunacakt\u0131r. S\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc her an yolun durumu ve yolcu y\u00fck\u00fcne g\u00f6re yapabilece\u011fi en fazla h\u0131z\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcp kontrol edebilecek ve trenler s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc m\u00fcdahalesi olmadan otomatik olarak i\u015fitebilecektir. S\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc bu durumda sadece istasyonlarda yolcular\u0131n inip binmesini kontrol edecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

              B\u00fcy\u00fck kentlerin ula\u015f\u0131m sorununda en etkili \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yolu olan metro; g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz toplu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k sistemlerinin yayg\u0131n bir t\u00fcr\u00fc olarak t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada giderek artan oranda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ucuz ve \u00e7abuk ula\u015f\u0131m olana\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flayan metronun di\u011fer rayl\u0131 sistemlerle birlik\u00adte \u0130stanbul i\u00e7i kent karayollar\u0131ndaki trafik s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na en etkili \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc sa\u011fla\u00adyaca\u011f\u0131 da ku\u015fkusuzdur. D\u00fcnyada ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck metro sistemleri 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda…<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2517,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_kadence_starter_templates_imported_post":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1500","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tunel-yapilirken"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/tunelcilik-ve-metro-projeleri-2.jpeg?v=1657999412","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p9zVBf-oc","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1500","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1500"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1500\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4042,"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1500\/revisions\/4042"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2517"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1500"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1500"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1500"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}