{"id":1504,"date":"2017-08-29T15:56:11","date_gmt":"2017-08-29T12:56:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/?p=1504"},"modified":"2021-08-18T08:56:51","modified_gmt":"2021-08-18T05:56:51","slug":"tunel-destekleme-imalatlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/tunel-destekleme-imalatlari.html","title":{"rendered":"Excavation Support Manufacturing in Tunnels"},"content":{"rendered":"<ol>\n<li><strong>Birincil Tahkimat<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Yeralt\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131lan bo\u015fluklarda bozulmaya olan e\u011filim, t\u00fcneli \u00e7evreleyen zemindeki deformasyonlar\u0131n olu\u015fma ihtimalini art\u0131r\u0131r. Ve bu deformasyonlar\u0131n istenmeyen oturmalar, gev\u015femelere, kaya mukavemetinin azalmas\u0131na neden olmayacak kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcnel yap\u0131m\u0131nda yerin delinmesi ve belirli bir \u015fekle sahip olan bir yap\u0131n\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, \u00f6zellikle bu t\u00fcnel yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgesi i\u00e7erisindeyse, bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te zeminin stabil durumda olmas\u0131 ve \u00e7evre kayalarda olu\u015facak yeni gerilmelerin sebep olabilece\u011fi deformasyonlara engel olunmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Kaz\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ayna y\u00fczeyinin ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla zeminin stabilitesini sa\u011flanmas\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Ayr\u0131ca bu t\u00fcnelin kaz\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda kendi kendini tutabilmesini de sa\u011flar. Bunlar\u0131n ge\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilmesi i\u00e7in de t\u00fcnel, tahkimat sistemleri ile uygun \u015fekilde desteklenmelidir.<\/p>\n<p>Tahkimat sistemleri iki a\u015famal\u0131 olarak incelenebilir; buna ek olarak da t\u00fcnelin a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 arazinin durumuna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak tahkimat elemanlar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 de\u011fi\u015febilece\u011fi belirtilmelidir.<\/p>\n<p>Belirtilmelidir ki, tahkimat sistemi ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015f kayay\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maz, kayalar\u0131 k\u00fctle ve bas\u0131n\u00e7 etkisine dayanacak duruma getirir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.1.<\/strong> 1. Kat \u00e7elik has\u0131r<\/p>\n<p>P\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme beton donat\u0131s\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lan has\u0131r \u00e7elik, kaz\u0131 sonras\u0131 \u00e7elik iksa montaj\u0131ndan \u00f6nce serilir ve t\u00fcneller i\u00e7in belirlenen standartlara g\u00f6re yatay ve d\u00fc\u015fey y\u00f6nde 30 veya 45 cm\u2019lik bir bindirme boyu vard\u0131r. Has\u0131r \u00e7elik yerle\u015ftirilmesinde dikkat edilmesi gereken nokta has\u0131r\u0131n kayan\u0131n y\u00fczeyine olabildi\u011fince yakla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/hasir-celik.jpg\" data-lbwps-width=\"789\" data-lbwps-height=\"528\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/hasir-celik.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1513\" src=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/hasir-celik-300x201.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"201\"><\/a>\u015eekil 1.1.<\/strong> Has\u0131r \u00e7elik<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7elik has\u0131r, di\u011fer normal in\u015faat demirlerine g\u00f6re daha avantajl\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in tercih edilmektedir ve imalat\u0131nda S220 \u00e7eli\u011finin so\u011fuk \u00e7ekme y\u00f6ntemiyle \u00e7ekilerek nerv\u00fcrlenmesi s\u00f6z konusudur.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00c7elik has\u0131r\u0131n emniyet gerilmesi normal in\u015faat demirinden 2 kat fazlad\u0131r ve bu ta\u015f\u0131nabilen a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kta % 40 oran\u0131nda bir tasarruf sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. Yani 1 cm<sup>2<\/sup> ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k \u00e7elik has\u0131rda daha fazla olaca\u011f\u0131ndan bu donat\u0131 tipinde malzemeden tasarruf sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olur.<\/li>\n<li>Plakalar \u015feklinde olu\u015fu, ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131, tahkimat yap\u0131lacak b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015ftirilmesinde avantaj sa\u011flar. P\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme betonun kaya y\u00fczeyine uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ayr\u0131ca \u00e7elik has\u0131r donat\u0131lar beton i\u00e7inde homojen bir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m g\u00f6stermekte b\u00f6ylece \u00e7ekme kuvvetlerinin d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir \u015fekilde al\u0131nmas\u0131 sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7ubuklar\u0131 nerv\u00fcrl\u00fc ve birbirine kaynakl\u0131 olu\u015fu aderans\u0131 art\u0131rmakta, beton i\u00e7erisindeki \u00e7ubuklar\u0131n kaymas\u0131 \u00f6nlenmekte yap\u0131da olabilecek \u00e7atlaklar, korozyon ve s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131lar giderilmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7elik has\u0131r donat\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme betonun statik \u00f6zelliklerini art\u0131r\u0131r, uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r ve p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme betonda geri s\u0131\u00e7ramay\u0131 azalt\u0131r ve p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme betonun yenilmesi durumunda par\u00e7alan\u0131p d\u00f6k\u00fclmesini engeller.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7elik has\u0131rlar g\u00f6zlerinin kare ve dikd\u00f6rtgen olmas\u0131na g\u00f6re 2 tiptir: Q (square) tipi kare g\u00f6zl\u00fc \u00e7elik has\u0131rlar, R (rectengular) tipi dikd\u00f6rtgen g\u00f6zl\u00fc \u00e7elik has\u0131rlar. Minimum akma s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 500 N\/mm<sup>2<\/sup>, minimum \u00e7ekme mukavemeti ise 550 N\/mm<sup>2<\/sup> dir.<\/p>\n<p>Tahkimat sistemlerinin s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, farkl\u0131 t\u00fcr tahkimat sistemlerinde farkl\u0131 boyutlarda \u00e7elik has\u0131r donat\u0131lar kullan\u0131l\u0131r. 1 kat \u00e7elik has\u0131r, kafes iksa ve p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme betonun uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahkimat sistemi ile 2 kat \u00e7elik has\u0131r, kafes iksa ve p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme betonun uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahkimat sistemlerinde \u201cQ\u201d tipi \u00e7elik has\u0131r kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Zeminin durumuna g\u00f6re \u201cR\u201d tipi de kullan\u0131labilir.<br \/>\n<strong>1.2.<\/strong> \u0130ksa montaj\u0131 (imalat\u0131)<\/p>\n<p>Kaz\u0131 ve destekleme i\u015flemlerinin \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 ve uygun \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi gerekmektedir. Kaz\u0131 destekleme tipinin belirlenirken kaz\u0131 yap\u0131lan kayan\u0131n stabilitesi, t\u00fcnel \u00fcst\u00fcndeki \u00f6rt\u00fc kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131, t\u00fcnel g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131 \u00fczerindeki yap\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n niteli\u011fi ve projelendirme a\u015famas\u0131nda t\u00fcnel i\u00e7indeki gerilmelerin yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgeler dikkate al\u0131n\u0131r. Bunlar belirlendikten sonra da \u00e7elik has\u0131r miktar\u0131na, \u00e7elik iksa gereksinimi olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ne kadar kal\u0131nl\u0131kta p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme betonun at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ve ne t\u00fcr bulonlar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine karar verilir.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dczerinde yerle\u015fim belgesi bulunan, \u00e7evresindeki kayalar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu gerilmelerin kontrol edilmesi gerekti\u011fi b\u00f6lgelerde y\u00fcksek dayan\u0131ml\u0131 p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme beton, birka\u00e7 kat \u00e7elik has\u0131r ve yak\u0131n aral\u0131kl\u0131 olarak yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00e7elik iksa kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterilmelidir.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7elik iksalar, kaz\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda kaz\u0131 cidar\u0131nda meydana gelen deformasyonlar\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na alarak p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme betonla beraber g\u00fcvenli bir b\u00f6lge olu\u015fturmak amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu iksalar\u0131n farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrleri vard\u0131r ve zemin yap\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re hangi t\u00fcr iksa kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na karar verilir. Kaz\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortam\u0131n kaya yap\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re NPI tipi veya kafes tipi iksa kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/kafes-iksa.jpg\" data-lbwps-width=\"500\" data-lbwps-height=\"375\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/kafes-iksa.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1512\" src=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/kafes-iksa-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u015eekil 1.2.<\/strong> Kafes kiri\u015f (iksa)<\/p>\n<p>\u0130ksa imalat\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda par\u00e7al\u0131 olarak bulunan kafes iksalar c\u0131vata ve somun kullan\u0131larak birbirlerine flan\u015flar\u0131ndan (birbirlerine ek yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan par\u00e7alar) monte edilerek yerle\u015ftirilir. A\u015famal\u0131 kaz\u0131larda, her a\u015famada kaz\u0131 cidar\u0131n\u0131n geometrisine uygun olarak birbirine monte edilen kafes iksa par\u00e7alar\u0131, \u00f6ncesinde serilmi\u015f olan \u00e7elik has\u0131r\u0131n \u00fczerine olabildi\u011fince oturtulur.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/npi-iksa.jpg\" data-lbwps-width=\"690\" data-lbwps-height=\"355\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/npi-iksa.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1511\" src=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/npi-iksa-300x154.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"154\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u015eekil 1.3.<\/strong> NPI profil iksa<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.3.<\/strong> P\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme beton (Shotcrete)<\/p>\n<p>Uygulanaca\u011f\u0131 yere bir hortum arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla iletilip bu hortumun u\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131ndaki nozul (nozle) isimli p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme aparat\u0131nda kar\u0131\u015f\u0131ma hava ve priz h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 katk\u0131 ilave edilerek y\u00fczeye y\u00fcksek h\u0131zla p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu betonun y\u00fczeye homojen yay\u0131lmas\u0131 ve uygun k\u0131vamda olmas\u0131 istenir. \u00c7imento, su ve agregadan olu\u015fur; i\u00e7eri\u011findeki iri malzeme miktar\u0131 azd\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>P\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme betonun dizayn\u0131n\u0131n normal betondan daha ince olmas\u0131n\u0131n iki sebebinden biri ince dizaynl\u0131 betonlarda kohezyonun daha y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylece uygulama y\u00fczeyine daha kolay tutunmas\u0131d\u0131r. Di\u011fer sebep ise p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme betonda kullan\u0131lan pompalar\u0131n daha ince hortum ve basma grubuna sahip olmalar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>P\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme beton kal\u0131p gerektirmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in kal\u0131p maliyetinden kurtar\u0131r, zaman kayb\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler. Ayr\u0131ca t\u00fcnel tavanlar\u0131, geometrisi \u00e7ok bozuk olan yerler, kal\u0131b\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n zor oldu\u011fu alanlarda kolayl\u0131kla uygulanabilir.<\/p>\n<p>P\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme beton imalat\u0131&nbsp;yap\u0131l\u0131rken her uygulama katman\u0131 bir \u00f6ncekine m\u00fckemmel bir \u015fekilde yap\u0131\u015f\u0131r (Ya\u015f sistem). Bu nedenle so\u011fuk derz olu\u015fumunun \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmi\u015f olur.<\/p>\n<p>P\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme beton kaz\u0131lan y\u00fczeylerin hava ve su ile temas\u0131n\u0131 keserek y\u00fczey bozunmas\u0131n\u0131 ve gev\u015femeleri \u00f6nler.<\/p>\n<p>P\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme betonlar\u0131 kuru sistem ve ya\u015f sistem olmak \u00fczere 2 farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde uygulan\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kuru Sistem: <\/strong>Beton kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 kuru bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m olarak katk\u0131 maddesi i\u00e7inde haz\u0131rlan\u0131r ve pompalama s\u0131ras\u0131nda nozul k\u0131sm\u0131nda su ile birle\u015fir. Ancak su ile etkin bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n olmamas\u0131 ve kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n homojen olarak uygulanamamas\u0131 nedeni ile malzeme ve uygulama kalitesi son derece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p>Kuru Sistem p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme beton kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda \u00e7imento, piriz h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 toz ve kum (ya da k\u0131rmakum) bulunur. Su u\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mda eklendi\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00e7imento dozaj\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131 durumunda bile son derece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck mukavemetler ve yap\u0131\u015fma \u00f6zelli\u011fi elde edilebilmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Ayr\u0131ca kuru sistemde ribaunt \u00e7ok artmakta, zayiat \u00e7ok fazla olmaktad\u0131r. Son derece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir kapasite ile uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan art\u0131k \u00e7ok tercih edilmemektedir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ya\u015f Sistem:<\/strong> Ya\u015f sistem&nbsp;p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme beton dizayn\u0131<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong>yap\u0131l\u0131rken daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00e7imento oranlar\u0131 ile daha y\u00fcksek mukavemetler elde edilmektedir. \u0130htiyaca g\u00f6re kar\u0131\u015f\u0131ma 5-15 mm aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda (1 No M\u0131c\u0131r) ve kimyasal katk\u0131lar konarak mukavemet, yap\u0131\u015fma kuvveti ve b\u00fcz\u00fclme de\u011ferlerinde optimum sonu\u00e7lar elde edilebilir.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130stenilen \u00f6zelikler kimyasal katk\u0131lar sayesinde daha kolay elde edilebilir. Burada kullan\u0131lan p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme beton makineleri kuru sistem makinalar\u0131na g\u00f6re pistonlu ve ya\u015f betonun y\u00fczey s\u00fcrt\u00fcnmesinin daha az olmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak daha iri agregal\u0131 betonlar\u0131 basabilmektedir. Bu da r\u00f6tre b\u00fcz\u00fclmelerini minimize etmekte ve mukavemeti istenen seviyelere \u00e7\u0131karabilmektedir. P\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme beton bas\u0131n\u00e7 dayan\u0131mlar\u0131 kolayl\u0131kla C 40\/45 seviyelerine ula\u015fabilir.<\/p>\n<p>Standartlara g\u00f6re p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme betonun dizayn\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tablodaki gibi olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak zemin ko\u015fullar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak yeterli gelmedi\u011fi durumlarda p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme betondaki \u00e7imentonun dozaj\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131larak daha y\u00fcksek dayan\u0131ml\u0131 bir beton elde edilebilir.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/p.beton-tablo.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-lbwps-width=\"560\" data-lbwps-height=\"270\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/p.beton-tablo.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1537 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/p.beton-tablo.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"560\" height=\"270\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tablo 1.1.<\/strong> \u00d6rnek shotcrete dozaj tablosu (proje ve uygulama alan\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015febilir)<\/p>\n<p>P\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme betonunun bu mekanizmas\u0131nda beton pompas\u0131na, hava kompres\u00f6r\u00fcne, katk\u0131 pompas\u0131na, pulvarize i\u015flemini sa\u011flayan aparata yani nozula ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r. Nozul elle veya robotik kollarla kontrol edilebilir. P\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme betonda kullan\u0131lan 3 tip makine vard\u0131r: Alivalar, Ya\u015f Sistem Man\u00fcel P\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme Beton Makineleri, Robot Kollu Makineler.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.3.1. Alivalar: <\/strong>Kuru sistem olarak billinen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kapasiteli makinelerdir, kulan\u0131m alanlar\u0131 geni\u015ftir. Alivalar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in fiyat a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan uygundur ve mobilizasyonu kolayd\u0131r. Ancak \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kapasiteli olduklar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 ( 4 m<sup>3<\/sup>\/saat) b\u00fcy\u00fck projelerde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 uygun de\u011fildir. Ayr\u0131ca kuru sistem oldu\u011fundan dolay\u0131 adezyon (yap\u0131\u015fma), mukavemet problemleri vard\u0131r ve geri s\u0131\u00e7raman\u0131n fazla olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 zayiat fazla olur.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/aliva.jpg\" data-lbwps-width=\"649\" data-lbwps-height=\"432\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/aliva.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1510\" src=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/aliva-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u015eekil 1.4. <\/strong>Aliva<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.3.2.<\/strong> <strong>Ya\u015f Sistem Man\u00fcel P\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme Beton Makineleri: <\/strong>Ya\u015f sistem kullan\u0131larak beton haz\u0131rlan\u0131r. Yine alivalardan farkl\u0131 olarak \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek kapasitede (18 m<sup>3<\/sup>\/saat) ve dayan\u0131mda i\u015fler yapabilirler. Alivalara g\u00f6re olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen mobilizasyonlar\u0131 kolayd\u0131r ve gerekli ekipman sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde istenilen y\u00fckseklikte kullan\u0131labilir. T\u00fcnel d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki her i\u015f i\u00e7in uygunlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Haz\u0131r Beton dizayn\u0131 uygun yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek dayan\u0131mda (C40\/55) ve \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek yap\u0131\u015fma mukavemetinde beton uygulamalar\u0131 yap\u0131labilir ve zayiat \u00e7ok azd\u0131r. Alivalara g\u00f6re dezavantaj\u0131 ise maliyetinin \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131 ve nozul ucnun elle kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan daha fazla i\u015f\u00e7ilik gerektirmesidir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.3.3. Robot Kollu Makineler: <\/strong>Nozul ucu hidrolik sistemle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kumandal\u0131 bir bom ucuyla y\u00f6nlendirilir. Bu makineler \u00f6zellikle t\u00fcneller i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7o\u011funlukla elektrikli olarak \u00fcretilirler. Bom uzunluklar\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in t\u00fcnel d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda y\u00fcksekli\u011fi fazla olan yerlerde kullan\u0131lamaz. Di\u011fer \u00f6zellikleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ya\u015f sistem y\u00f6ntemi kullanan man\u00fcel beton makinelerine benzerler.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/p-beton-makinesi.jpg\" data-lbwps-width=\"600\" data-lbwps-height=\"534\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/p-beton-makinesi.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1509\" src=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/p-beton-makinesi-300x267.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"267\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u015eekil 1.5.<\/strong> Robot kollu p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme beton makinesi<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>\u0130kincil tahkimat<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0130kincil tahkimat\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131ndaki ama\u00e7 birincil tahkimat\u0131n desteklenmesidir. Ve bunlar\u0131n hepsi beton d\u00f6k\u00fclene kadar olan s\u00fcre\u00e7te, kal\u0131c\u0131 destekleme i\u00e7in gerekli ortam\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan ge\u00e7ici desteklemenin elemanlar\u0131d\u0131r. Birincil ve ikincil tahkimattaki imalatl\u0131lar\u0131n s\u0131ras\u0131 de\u011fi\u015febilir, baz\u0131 imalatlar hi\u00e7 yap\u0131lmayabilir veya daha \u00f6nce de belirtildi\u011fi gibi say\u0131lar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015febilir. Bu durum t\u00fcnelin a\u00e7\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 zeminin yap\u0131s\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Deformasyonlar\u0131n oldu\u011fu zeminlerde ikincil tahkimat gerekmektedir. Bu durumlarda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan tahkimat sisteminin \u00fczerine tekrar \u00e7elik has\u0131r serilerek beton p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fcl\u00fcr. Tahkimat sistemlerini tamamlayan ad\u0131m bulon uygulamas\u0131d\u0131r. E\u011fer zemin sert kayalardan olu\u015fuyorsa bulona gerek duyulmayabilir, bu durumda daha \u00f6nceden belirtildi\u011fi gibi tahkimat sistemi ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 hi\u00e7 yap\u0131lmayabilece\u011fini g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2.1.<\/strong> Kaya \u00e7ivisi (bulon-blon)<\/p>\n<p>Kaya bulonlar\u0131 ge\u00e7ici tahkimat\u0131n en \u00f6nemli eleman\u0131d\u0131r ve zeminin i\u00e7indeki ana kemerle\u015fmeyi bulon sa\u011flar. Di\u011fer tahkimat elemanlar\u0131 olan has\u0131r \u00e7elik, kafes iksa ve p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme beton i\u015flemlerinin ard\u0131ndan tahkimat sistemlerinin tamamlay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olarak uygulan\u0131r. Prizini alan p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme betonun ard\u0131ndan kaz\u0131 cidar\u0131na \u00e7ak\u0131lan bulonlar p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme betonun olu\u015fturdu\u011fu kabu\u011fun alt\u0131ndaki katmanlara oturmas\u0131n\u0131 ve beraber \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Bulonlar fark\u0131 y\u00f6ntemlerle \u00e7ak\u0131l\u0131r ve bu y\u00f6ntemlere zeminin \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re karar verilir. Her farkl\u0131 y\u00f6ntem i\u00e7in de bu bulonlar farkl\u0131 isimler almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2.1.1.<\/strong> SN Bulon (Enjeksiyonlu Kaya Bulonu) (delgi + enjeksiyon + bulon)<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7atlakl\u0131 bir yap\u0131ya sahip ama ak\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek olmayan bir zemine sahip t\u00fcnellerde yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan kaya bulonudur. Zeminin yap\u0131sal durumuna, kendi kendini tutabilme \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re belirlenen aral\u0131klarda jumbo gibi bir delici makineyle a\u00e7\u0131lan deliklere (minimum 45 mm \u00e7apa sahip delikler) \u00e7imento ve su kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan olu\u015fan enjeksiyon yap\u0131l\u0131r. Enjeksiyonun ard\u0131ndan nerv\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7elikten imal edilmi\u015f 3 \u2013 5 m boyundaki 28 mm \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki SN bulonlar deliklere itilerek yerle\u015ftirilir.<\/p>\n<p>Enjeksiyon delik i\u00e7erisinde kuruduktan, sertle\u015ftikten sonra ucundaki somun ve plaka s\u0131k\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bulonlar\u0131n kontrol metodu olan torklama i\u015flemini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilmek i\u00e7in bu \u015fekilde enjeksiyonun prizini almas\u0131n\u0131 beklemek gerekti\u011fi i\u00e7in SN bulon an\u0131nda kullan\u0131labilen bir tahkimat eleman\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/sn-bulon.png\" data-lbwps-width=\"681\" data-lbwps-height=\"333\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/sn-bulon.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1516\" src=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/sn-bulon-300x147.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"147\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u015eekil 2.1.<\/strong> SN Bulon<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2.1.2.<\/strong> PG Bulon (delgi + bulon + enjeksiyon)<\/p>\n<p>28 mm \u00e7ap\u0131na sahip olan ve yine nerv\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7elikten imal edilmi\u015f PG bulonlar\u0131n boylar\u0131 da 3-4-5 m olarak gerekti\u011fi \u015fekilde belirlenebilir. SN bulonlardan fark\u0131 uygulamas\u0131ndaki ad\u0131mlar\u0131n s\u0131ras\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca PG bulonlarda, bulon boyu kadar PVC boru kullan\u0131l\u0131r ve enjeksiyon bu borular arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yap\u0131l\u0131r. Burada da bir delici makineyle a\u00e7\u0131lan deli\u011fe \u00f6nce bulonlar s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr ve ard\u0131ndan enjeksiyon ile delgideki bo\u015fluklar doldurulur.<\/p>\n<p>K\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131, \u00e7atlakl\u0131 zeminlerde uygulanabilir ancak killi, siltli yani yumu\u015fak zeminlerde kullan\u0131m\u0131 tercih edilmez.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/pg-bulon.png\" data-lbwps-width=\"739\" data-lbwps-height=\"412\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/pg-bulon.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1515\" src=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/pg-bulon-300x167.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"167\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u015eekil 2.2.<\/strong> PG bulon<\/p>\n<p><strong>2.1.3.<\/strong> \u0130bo Bulon (delerken montajlama + enjeksiyon)<\/p>\n<p>\u0130bo bulon, i\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131 bo\u015f, d\u0131\u015f \u00e7ap\u0131 36 mm olarak imal edilen, u\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131nda delici bir bit bulunan, d\u0131\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131 yivli bir bulondur. Delme i\u015flemini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirin u\u00e7taki bit\u2019in t\u00fcr\u00fc ortamdaki kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n t\u00fcr\u00fcne g\u00f6re uygun olarak se\u00e7ilebilir.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130bo bulonda delgi ve ankraj birlikte ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. Yani delgi yap\u0131l\u0131rken bulon da zemin i\u00e7ine girer ve orada b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r. Daha sonra a\u011f\u0131z k\u0131sm\u0131 al\u00e7\u0131lan\u0131r ve i\u00e7ine iki tane PVC hortum s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Enjeksiyon bu hortumlar i\u00e7erisinden yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bulonun i\u00e7inin bo\u015f olmas\u0131 delgi s\u0131ras\u0131nda hava ve suyun kolayca ge\u00e7i\u015fini ve \u00e7\u0131kan k\u0131r\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Bulonun i\u00e7i ve delgi ile bulon aras\u0131ndaki bo\u015fluk da enjeksiyon ile doldurulur. Yine bulon boylar\u0131 arazi durumuna g\u00f6re m\u00fchendislerce belirlenir.<\/p>\n<p>E\u011fer t\u00fcnel kaz\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131lan ortamda delik a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu delgi sa\u011flam kalam\u0131yorsa ve ak\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 fazlaysa ibo bulonlar tercih edilmelidir. Yine kontrol\u00fc i\u00e7in yap\u0131lacak olan torklama i\u015flemi i\u00e7in enjeksiyonun sertle\u015fmesi gerekti\u011finden ibo bulon i\u00e7in de an\u0131nda kullan\u0131labilen bir bulon olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/ibo-bulon.png\" data-lbwps-width=\"596\" data-lbwps-height=\"264\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/ibo-bulon.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1514\" src=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/ibo-bulon-300x133.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"133\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u015eekil 2.3.<\/strong> \u0130bo bulon<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bulon Kontrol Metodu: <\/strong>Bulonlar zemine ka\u00e7 m \u00e7ak\u0131l\u0131p nas\u0131l bir yay olu\u015fturdu\u011fu, t\u00fcnelin \u00e7eper kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirler. \u00d6rne\u011fin 30 cm\u2019lik bir kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa sahip p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme betonun oldu\u011fu bir ortamda, 4 m ve s\u0131k bir \u015fekilde \u00e7ak\u0131lan bir bulon, 4 m\u2019lik bir t\u00fcnel \u00e7eperi olu\u015fturmu\u015f olur. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc 4 m bulon \u00e7ak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bu, 4 m boyunca olu\u015fturulan yay\u0131n enjeksiyonu ile beraber t\u00fcnel cidar\u0131 4 m olarak kabul edilebilir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bulon Tork Testi: <\/strong>Zemine bulonlar\u0131n yeterli miktarda s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131p s\u0131k\u0131\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek i\u00e7in torklama i\u015flemi yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bu i\u015flem i\u00e7in tork aleti denen a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015fekildeki gibi bir alet kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/tork-aleti.jpg\" data-lbwps-width=\"864\" data-lbwps-height=\"475\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/tork-aleti.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1508\" src=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/tork-aleti-300x165.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"165\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u015eekil 2.4.<\/strong> Tork aleti<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bulon \u00c7ekme Testi: <\/strong>\u00c7ekme testinde de bu bulon \u00fczerinde yeterli gerilme y\u00fck\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131yabiliyor mu kontrol edilir. \u0130\u015flem s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6ncelikle bulonun etraf\u0131ndaki \u00e7elik plaka \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak bundan daha geni\u015f bir deli\u011fe sahip \u00e7elik plaka tak\u0131l\u0131r. Bunun sebebi, \u00e7ekme testi s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir miktar hareket edecek olan bulon i\u00e7in gerekli bo\u015flu\u011fu olu\u015fturmakt\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc var olan plakadaki delik tam olarak bulonun oturaca\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fcktedir.<\/p>\n<p>Plakalar de\u011fi\u015ftirildikten sonra i\u015flem ger\u00e7ekle\u015firken bulonun boyunu uzatmak amac\u0131yla bulonun \u00fczerine bir aparat tak\u0131l\u0131r. Bu aparatta bulonun yerle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in bir bo\u015fluk vard\u0131r ve bulon bu k\u0131sma yerle\u015fti\u011finde \u00fcst k\u0131sm\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma pay\u0131 olan bir miktar bo\u015fluk kalm\u0131\u015f olur. Bulonun boyunu uzatmak, \u00e7ekmenin yap\u0131labilece\u011fi bir boya gelmesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in gereklidir.<\/p>\n<p>Daha sonra bu aparat \u00fczerine 2 par\u00e7al\u0131 bir piston yerle\u015ftirilir. Ve saat, pompa ve bir koldan olu\u015fan k\u0131s\u0131m ile kontrol edilen hidrolik mekanizma \u00e7ekme i\u015flemini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir. Saat ibresinin kalibrasyonu daha \u00f6nce \u00fcniversiteler veya laboratuvarlar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup istenilen bar de\u011ferine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen kN de\u011feri bilinmektedir. Yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n projesindeki belirli olan, kullan\u0131lan bulonlar\u0131n dayanmas\u0131 gereken belirli bir bulon de\u011feri vard\u0131r ve bu test s\u0131ras\u0131nda kontrol\u00fc yap\u0131lan budur. E\u011fer \u00e7ekme yap\u0131l\u0131nca bulon buna dayanm\u0131yor ve d\u0131\u015far\u0131 geliyorsa bu bulon i\u015flevini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiremiyor anlam\u0131na gelir. B\u00f6yle oldu\u011funda bulon \u00e7evresinden de \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm al\u0131n\u0131r ve sadece bulonda m\u0131 yoksa bulonun \u00e7evresindeki zeminde mi sorun oldu\u011funa bak\u0131l\u0131r. Zeminin bu k\u0131sm\u0131nda meydana gelen deformasyonlar sebebiyle b\u00f6yle bir sorun olmu\u015f ise, gerekli destek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/yag-basincli-hidrolik-cekme-aleti.jpg\" data-lbwps-width=\"762\" data-lbwps-height=\"571\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/yag-basincli-hidrolik-cekme-aleti.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1507\" src=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/yag-basincli-hidrolik-cekme-aleti-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u015eekil 2.5. <\/strong>Ya\u011f bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 \u00e7ift tarafl\u0131 piston (bulon \u00e7ekme aleti)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>3.Kaz\u0131y\u0131 Destekleme \u0130malatlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>3.1. <\/strong>S\u00fcren<\/p>\n<p>S\u00fcren uygulamas\u0131 metro, t\u00fcnel gibi yeralt\u0131 kaz\u0131lar\u0131nda malzemenin d\u00f6k\u00fclmeye veya g\u00f6\u00e7meye meyilli oldu\u011fu \u00f6zellikle su oran\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu zay\u0131f zemin ortamlar\u0131nda kaz\u0131y\u0131 desteklemek ama\u00e7l\u0131 yap\u0131lan bir imalatt\u0131r. S\u00fcren imalat\u0131 kaz\u0131 i\u015flemi ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yer alt\u0131ndaki sistemin emniyetini sa\u011flamak ve deformasyonu \u00f6nlemek ama\u00e7l\u0131 s\u00fcrenler her zaman \u00e7elik iksa montaj\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7elik iksa \u00fczerinde ve yatay ile 5-10 derecelik bir a\u00e7\u0131 ile zemine \u00e7ak\u0131l\u0131rlar. Kullan\u0131lacak s\u00fcren boru say\u0131s\u0131 arazide karar verilir ve zeminin dayan\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6stermektedir. Genellikle s\u00fcren borular\u0131 2\u201d-2,5\u201d \u00e7ap\u0131nda ve 3-4-6m lik borular olabilir. Ancak s\u00fcrenler tiplerine g\u00f6re 3\u2019e ayr\u0131l\u0131r ve kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131 farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>3.1.1. <\/strong>\u00c7elik Levha S\u00fcrenler<\/p>\n<p>Akma mukavemeti y\u00fcksek zeminlerde kullan\u0131lan bu levhalar\u0131n et kal\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 3-4 mm civar\u0131ndad\u0131r ve oluk \u015feklinde kanallar\u0131 olan veya d\u00fcz sacdan olu\u015fabilir. Boylar\u0131 1-2 m olarak de\u011fi\u015fir. Kaz\u0131 i\u015flemi ile beraber levha s\u00fcrenler zemine \u00e7ak\u0131l\u0131r ve sonras\u0131nda p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme betonu ve gerekli hallerde has\u0131r \u00e7elik imalat\u0131 ile iksaya ba\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3.1.2. <\/strong>\u00c7ubuk s\u00fcrenler<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7ubuk s\u00fcrenler genellikle \u00fcst yar\u0131 kaz\u0131s\u0131nda enjeksiyonsuz olarak yap\u0131l\u0131r ve a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 planlanan raund boyundan 1-1,5 m daha uzundurlar.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3.1.3. <\/strong>Delikli Boru S\u00fcrenler<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7ubuk s\u00fcrenler ile ayn\u0131 yap\u0131ya sahiptirler. \u00c7aplar\u0131 2\u201d-2,5\u201d delikli borulard\u0131r. Yerle\u015ftirilmeden \u00f6nce borunun \u00e7ap\u0131ndan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apta olmak \u00fczere s\u00fcren delgisi yap\u0131l\u0131r. S\u00fcrenler delinen bu delikler i\u00e7erisine yerle\u015ftirilir. Bu a\u015famadan sonra hem borunun i\u00e7 bo\u015flu\u011fu hem de boru ile borunun yerle\u015ftirildi\u011fi delik aras\u0131nda kalan alan enjeksiyon ile doldurulur. Bu tip s\u00fcren borular\u0131n et kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 3-4 mm olarak de\u011fi\u015fir.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>3.2 <\/strong>Umbrella<\/p>\n<p>NATM y\u00f6nteminin kohezyonu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve deformasyonlar\u0131n y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu zeminlerde kullan\u0131lamamas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 istenilen verimi artt\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan borulard\u0131r. Kullan\u0131lma amac\u0131 teorik olarak s\u00fcren borular\u0131 ile ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak umbrella (\u015femsiye) borular\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7aplar\u0131 s\u00fcren borular\u0131na g\u00f6re daha kal\u0131nd\u0131r. Bu tip borular\u0131n \u00e7aplar\u0131 3,5\u201d-4\u201d e\u015fit ve b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Umbrella borular\u0131n\u0131n imalat\u0131ndaki ilk a\u015fama borular\u0131n yerle\u015ftirilece\u011fi deliklerin, borunun mevcut \u00e7ap\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck olarak delinmesidir. Bu a\u015famadan sonra borular\u0131n \u00fczerinde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck delikler a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r (Borular\u0131n \u00fczerinde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck deliklerin a\u00e7\u0131lma i\u015flemi s\u00fcren borular\u0131nda da g\u00f6zlenmektedir). Bu borular 10-15 derecelik a\u00e7\u0131larla delinen deliklere yerle\u015ftirilir. Borular deliklere yerle\u015ftirildikten i\u00e7ine 2 adet PVC boru yerle\u015ftirilir. Bunlardan biri uzun di\u011feri k\u0131sa olur ve a\u011f\u0131z k\u0131sm\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lanarak kapat\u0131l\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca boru ile zemin aras\u0131na da bir adet PVC boru yerle\u015ftirmek sureti ile yap\u0131lacak enjeksiyonun boru cidar\u0131na (boru ile zemin aras\u0131na) dolmas\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlenir. Enjeksiyon k\u0131sa PVC hortumundan verilerek yukar\u0131ya do\u011fru doldurulur. E\u011fer uygulamada hata yok ise \u00f6nce cidara konulan PVC\u2019den sonra uzun olan PVC\u2019den tahliye gelmesi beklenir. Varsa boru i\u00e7inde suyun bo\u015fald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olduktan, tamamen enjeksiyon gelmeye ba\u015flad\u0131ktan sonra enjeksiyon tamamlan\u0131r. Borular\u0131n delik i\u00e7erisinde kolay ilerlemesi i\u00e7in ucu sivriltilerek montaja ba\u015flan\u0131r. Bu sayede sivri u\u00e7tan itibaren yerle\u015ftirilen boru ile kuyu cidar\u0131 aras\u0131na enjeksiyonun h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde yay\u0131lmas\u0131 ve enjeksiyonun zemin ile temas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/umbrella.png\" data-lbwps-width=\"536\" data-lbwps-height=\"368\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/umbrella.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1506\" src=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/umbrella-300x206.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"206\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u015eekil 3.1. Ucu sivriltilen umbrella borular\u0131<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>3.3. <\/strong>Zemin \u00c7ivisi<\/p>\n<p>Zemin i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7ekme gerilmelerinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mek amac\u0131 ile uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 alana ve uygulama \u015fekline ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ismi de\u011fi\u015fiyor olsa da zemin \u00e7ivilerinin uygulanma mant\u0131klar\u0131 ayn\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Bu uzun \u00e7ivilerin kullan\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6rselenmemi\u015f do\u011fal zemine yap\u0131lan bir imalat tekni\u011fidir. \u0130malat\u0131n as\u0131l amac\u0131 \u00e7ivilerde olu\u015fan \u00e7ekme kuvvetlerini s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme kuvvetleriyle zemine aktarmaktad\u0131r. Ayna y\u00fczeyinde ayna y\u00fczeyine dik olarak uygulan\u0131r. Ta\u015f\u0131nmak istene gerdirme miktar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak boyu, kullan\u0131lacak demirin kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve enjeksiyonun oran\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6sterebilir. Bu sayede <strong><em>zeminin stabilizasyonu<\/em><\/strong> sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Zemin \u00e7ivisi destekleme sistemi ankrajla destekleme sisteminden farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6ntemde ankrajlara g\u00f6re \u00e7ivi elemanlar\u0131 daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve n\u00fcmerik gerilme de\u011ferleri azd\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Zemin \u00e7ivileri genellikle \u00e7elik nerv\u00fcrl\u00fc demir donat\u0131lardan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r, ancak zemindeki y\u00fck transferini aktarmak ve paslanmaya kar\u015f\u0131 koruma sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla etraf\u0131 \u00e7imento enjeksiyonu ile kaplanmaktad\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, delgi \u00e7ap\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fclerek \u00e7ivi etraf\u0131ndaki enjeksiyon \u00e7evre alan\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr, birim boyda mobilize olan \u00e7evre kuvvetini artt\u0131r\u0131labilir. Zemin \u00e7ivisi uygulamas\u0131 yap\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce uygulanacak olan y\u00fczey alan\u0131na has\u0131rl\u0131 veya has\u0131rs\u0131z p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme beton uygulamas\u0131 yap\u0131larak, y\u00fczey alana d\u00fc\u015fen y\u00fck miktar\u0131 e\u015fit da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131p dayan\u0131m artt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Zemin \u00e7ivisinin uygulama alan\u0131nda say\u0131s\u0131 yerinde m\u00fchendisler taraf\u0131ndan karar verilir. Ayna y\u00fczeyindeki her bir zemin \u00e7ivisinin ba\u015fka bir donat\u0131 ile ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan pasif olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Zemin \u00e7ivileri donat\u0131 ve donat\u0131y\u0131 \u00e7evreleyen enjeksiyonun sert zeminlerde s\u00fcrt\u00fcnmeye ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak gerilme kuvvetine kar\u015f\u0131 koyabilmektedir. Ancak kohezyonlu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn mukavemetli zeminlerde s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme kuvvetinin az olmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak yaln\u0131zca kesme (kayma d\u00fczlemlerine), devrilme, yuvarlanma ve g\u00f6\u00e7melere kar\u015f\u0131 dayan\u0131m olu\u015fturabilmektedir.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/umbrella-zemin-civisi.png\" data-lbwps-width=\"576\" data-lbwps-height=\"661\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/umbrella-zemin-civisi.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1505 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/umbrella-zemin-civisi-261x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"261\" height=\"300\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u015eekil 3.2. Umbrella ve zemin \u00e7ivisi imalat\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f t\u00fcnel sim\u00fclasyonu. (a) \u00d6nden g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f. (b) Yandan g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Zemin \u00e7ivilerinin di\u011fer imalatlara g\u00f6re imalat\u0131 kolayd\u0131r. Zemin \u00e7ivilerinin imalat a\u015famalar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kaz\u0131 i\u015flemi<\/li>\n<li>Delme i\u015flemi<\/li>\n<li>\u00c7ivilerin yerle\u015ftirilmesi ve enjeksiyonlar\u0131<\/li>\n<li>Drenaj sisteminin tesisi<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong><em>KAYNAK\u00c7A<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>Ar\u0131o\u011flu, E. (2009).<\/em><\/strong> T\u00fcnel dersi ders notlar\u0131. Y\u0131ld\u0131z Teknik \u00dcniversitesi. Yap\u0131 Merkezi AR&amp;GE B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>\u00c7e\u00e7en, \u00d6. (2007). <\/em><\/strong>\u0130stanbul Metrosu Koska T\u00fcnelleri Y\u00fczey Deformasyon Analizi. Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi. \u0130T\u00dc Fen Bilimleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Solak, T. ve Ak\u0131\u015f, E. (2016). <\/em><\/strong>Yeralt\u0131 Yap\u0131lar\u0131 Geoteknik Tasar\u0131m Rehberi. 1. Ulusal T\u00fcnelcilik ve Yeralt\u0131 Yap\u0131lar\u0131 Kongresi.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>\u00d6zdemir, O. (2006). <\/em><\/strong>E\u011fimli Y\u00fczeylerde Zemin \u00c7ivisi Uygulamas\u0131yla \u0130lgili Bir \u0130nceleme. Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi. \u0130T\u00dc Fen Bilimleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Karao\u011flan, H. (2002). <\/em><\/strong>Kaya Zeminde T\u00fcnel Tasar\u0131m\u0131. Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi. \u0130T\u00dc Fen Bilimleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Emiro\u011flu, A. (2010). <\/em><\/strong>\u0130stanbul (4. Levent-Hac\u0131osman Aras\u0131) Metro T\u00fcnelindeki M\u00fchendislik Uygulamalar\u0131. Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi.&nbsp; \u00c7ukurova \u00dcniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Y\u0131lmaz, \u00d6., \u00c7\u0131nar, M., \u00d6zdemir, T. ve Varol, A. <\/em><\/strong>\u0130stanbul Metrosu T\u00fcnel Kaz\u0131 \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda Ya\u015fanan Problemler ve \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>\u00dcnl\u00fc, T. (2005).<\/em><\/strong> A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 S\u00f6k\u00fclmenin Galeri Durayl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00dczerine Etkisi. T\u00fcrkiye 19. Uluslararas\u0131 Madencilik Kongresi ve Fuar\u0131. \u0130zmir, T\u00fcrkiye. 207-241<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em><u>w3.balikesir.edu.tr\/~atufan\/xcrs\/metro.doc <\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.kgm.gov.tr\/SiteCollectionDocuments\/KGMdocuments\/Otoyollar\/YeraltiYapiIsltGuvSemineri\/7Ekim\/TunelProjelendirmeveYapimi.pdf\"><strong><em>http:\/\/www.kgm.gov.tr\/SiteCollectionDocuments\/KGMdocuments\/Otoyollar\/YeraltiYapiIsltGuvSemineri\/7Ekim\/TunelProjelendirmeveYapimi.pdf<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.puskurtmebeton.com\/bilgi\/8\/puskurtme-beton-nasil-uygulanir.html\"><strong><em>http:\/\/www.puskurtmebeton.com\/bilgi\/8\/puskurtme-beton-nasil-uygulanir.html<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cayirovademircelik.com\/index.php\/products\/celik-hasir\/celik-hasir-kullaniminin-faydalari\"><strong><em>http:\/\/www.cayirovademircelik.com\/index.php\/products\/celik-hasir\/celik-hasir-kullaniminin-faydalari<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cayirovademircelik.com\/index.php\/celik-hasir\"><strong><em>http:\/\/www.cayirovademircelik.com\/index.php\/celik-hasir<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.barkomltd.com\/tr\/urunler\/tahkimat-ekipmanlari\/ibo-bulon.html\"><strong><em>https:\/\/www.barkomltd.com\/tr\/urunler\/tahkimat-ekipmanlari\/ibo-bulon.html<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/T\u00fcnel kaz\u0131 destek sistemleri ve uygulama \u00f6rnekleri.pdf\">Y\u0131ld\u0131z Teknik insaat b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc T\u00fcnel Dersi Notlar\u0131<\/a><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Bu yaz\u0131y\u0131 yazan ve haz\u0131rlayan \u0130STANBUL TEKN\u0130K \u00dcN\u0130VERS\u0130TES\u0130 \u00f6\u011frencileri <strong>G\u00fcl P\u0131nar AVC\u0130<\/strong> ve <strong>Derya KELE\u015e<\/strong>&#8216;e te\u015fekk\u00fcr ederim<\/p><\/blockquote>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Birincil Tahkimat Yeralt\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131lan bo\u015fluklarda bozulmaya olan e\u011filim, t\u00fcneli \u00e7evreleyen zemindeki deformasyonlar\u0131n olu\u015fma ihtimalini art\u0131r\u0131r. Ve bu deformasyonlar\u0131n istenmeyen oturmalar, gev\u015femelere, kaya mukavemetinin azalmas\u0131na neden olmayacak kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2430,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_kadence_starter_templates_imported_post":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1504","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tunel-nedir"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/tunelde-kazi-destekleme-imalatlari-1.jpeg?v=1657999502","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p9zVBf-og","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1504","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1504"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1504\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2431,"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1504\/revisions\/2431"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2430"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1504"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1504"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1504"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}