![\"\"](\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/20180305_164140-01-1-300x225.jpeg\")
Evaluation of Tunnel Excavation Methods in Accordance with Engineering Geology and Rock
Mass Classification Systems<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00d6zg\u00fcr SATICI – Karayollar\u0131 Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Y\u00fccetepe, ANKARA
Tamer TOPAL – Orta Do\u011fu Teknik \u00dcniversitesi, Jeoloji M\u00fchendisli\u011fi B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, ANKARA<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n
Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada m\u00fchendislik jeolojisi uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcnel a\u00e7ma y\u00f6ntemleri ile ili\u015fkisi anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ge\u00e7mi\u015ften bug\u00fcne \u00e7e\u015fitli t\u00fcnel a\u00e7ma y\u00f6ntemleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ancak bunlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu a\u015famal\u0131 kaz\u0131 ve tam ayna kaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli t\u00fcrevleri \u015feklinde olmu\u015ftur. Uluslararas\u0131 alanda yayg\u0131n bilinen t\u00fcnel a\u00e7ma y\u00f6ntemleri, kaya k\u00fctlelerinin davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta, ancak bu s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmaya say\u0131sal bir altl\u0131k olu\u015fturamamaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle bu\u00a0 y\u00f6ntemlerin uygulanmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda say\u0131sal ve objektif de\u011ferlendirmelere ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmakta, bu eksiklikse kaya k\u00fctle s\u0131n\u0131flamalar\u0131 kullan\u0131larak kapat\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz t\u00fcnelcili\u011finde yayg\u0131n olarak NATM ve ADECO-RS ad\u0131 verilen iki y\u00f6ntem kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Her iki y\u00f6ntem de kaya k\u00fctle davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fekillerde kategorize etmi\u015f ancak bunun i\u00e7in de\u011ferlendirmeye esas objektif bir altl\u0131k olu\u015fturamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, t\u00fcnel tasar\u0131m\u0131nda yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan t\u00fcnel a\u00e7ma y\u00f6ntemlerinin, uluslararas\u0131 kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f kaya k\u00fctle s\u0131n\u0131flama sistemleri ve say\u0131sal modeller ile olan ili\u015fkisi ve uygulamada ya\u015fanan sorunlar anlat\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Uygulamada; kaya k\u00fctle s\u0131n\u0131flamalar\u0131ndan t\u00fcnel kaz\u0131 ve destek s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131na ge\u00e7i\u015f, bunlar\u0131n say\u0131sal modellere yans\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131, yap\u0131lan kabuller ve \u00f6zellikle say\u0131sal modelleme s\u0131ras\u0131nda yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabullerden kaynaklanan m\u00fchendislik jeolojisi modelleme hatalar\u0131 ve do\u011fru tasar\u0131m i\u00e7in yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekenler birer \u00f6rnek ile a\u00e7\u0131klanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
G\u0130R\u0130\u015e<\/h3>\n
Yeralt\u0131 kaz\u0131lar\u0131 gerek madencilik uygulamalar\u0131, gerek drenaj, sulama ve benzeri ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 sa\u011flamak gerekse de co\u011frafi engelleri a\u015fma ama\u00e7l\u0131 olsun, ge\u00e7mi\u015ften g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze farkl\u0131 co\u011frafyalarda uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yeralt\u0131 kaz\u0131lar\u0131nda kaz\u0131 ve destekleme mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 hemen hemen ayn\u0131 ancak uygulama s\u0131ralar\u0131 farkl\u0131 olacak \u015fekilde \u00e7e\u015fitli t\u00fcnel a\u00e7ma y\u00f6ntemleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, ancak bunlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu a\u015famal\u0131 kaz\u0131 ve tam ayna kaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli t\u00fcrevleri \u015feklinde olmu\u015ftur. Uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 ise hemen hemen birbirinin mant\u0131k olarak ayn\u0131s\u0131 olan y\u00f6ntemleri kendi adlar\u0131 ile tarihe kaydetmi\u015flerdir. 18. ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda uygulanm\u0131\u015f olan ve klasik y\u00f6ntemler olarak tan\u0131mlanan bu y\u00f6ntemlere \u00f6rnek olarak; Alman, Amerikan, Avusturya, Bel\u00e7ika, \u0130ngiliz ve \u0130talyan t\u00fcnel a\u00e7ma y\u00f6ntemleri ve benzeri di\u011fer y\u00f6ntemler say\u0131labilir (Tonon, 2010; Brierley, 2014). Burada s\u00f6z etmekte fayda olan bir di\u011fer eski t\u00fcnelcilik uygulamas\u0131 ise Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu d\u00f6nemindeki, Osmanl\u0131 askeri te\u015fkilat\u0131nda yeni\u00e7erilerin kale ku\u015fatmalar\u0131nda t\u00fcnel kazarak sur duvarlar\u0131na ula\u015fmas\u0131 ve surlar\u0131 alttan havaya u\u00e7urarak, kale i\u00e7ine kadar t\u00fcnel kazmas\u0131 ve kaleyi i\u00e7ten fethetmesi i\u00e7in kurulmu\u015f bir askeri birlik olan La\u011f\u0131mc\u0131 Oca\u011f\u0131\u2019d\u0131r (Wikipedia, 2015). Ancak t\u00fcm bu y\u00f6ntemlerin genel yap\u0131s\u0131 incelendi\u011finde, tamam\u0131n\u0131n, insan g\u00fcc\u00fc ile par\u00e7al\u0131 kaz\u0131 yap\u0131larak ve keresteler kullan\u0131larak destekleme yap\u0131lan sistemler oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclecektir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar teknolojik geli\u015fmelerin de etkisi ile ortak bir paydaya oturan t\u00fcm bu y\u00f6ntemler, bir \u015fekilde i\u00e7inde kaz\u0131 yap\u0131lan kaya k\u00fctle davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta, ancak bu s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmay\u0131 t\u00fcnel a\u00e7ma y\u00f6ntemi ile ili\u015fkilendirilebilecek say\u0131sal bir altl\u0131k olu\u015fturamamaktad\u0131rlar. Bu nedenle, bu sistemlerin \u00f6zellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck kesitli karayolu t\u00fcnellerinde uygulanmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda say\u0131sal, objektif de\u011ferlendirmelere ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmaktad\u0131r. Bu eksik ise, uluslararas\u0131 kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f kaya k\u00fctle s\u0131n\u0131flamalar\u0131 kullan\u0131larak kapat\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz uygulamalar\u0131nda en \u00e7ok kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan ve bilinen iki y\u00f6ntem; NATM (New Austrian Tunnelling Method – Yeni Avusturya T\u00fcnel A\u00e7ma Y\u00f6ntemi) ve ADECO-RS (The nalysis of Controlled Deformation in Rocks and Soils – Kaya ve Zeminlerde Kontroll\u00fc Deformasyon Analizi) ad\u0131 verilen y\u00f6ntemlerdir. Her iki y\u00f6ntem de kaya k\u00fctle davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fekillerde kategorize etmi\u015f ancak bunun i\u00e7in objektif de\u011ferlendirmeye esas s\u0131n\u0131flama altl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcnel tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i olarak yap\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in yerinde fiziksel modeller kullanarak ger\u00e7ek verilerle test yapmak en do\u011fru ancak pahal\u0131 se\u00e7enektir. Bu y\u00f6ntemin pahal\u0131 ve zaman al\u0131c\u0131 olu\u015fu, bilgisayar ve yaz\u0131l\u0131m end\u00fcstrisindeki geli\u015fmelerle de beraber sonlu elemanlar veya sonlu farklar i\u00e7eren bilgisayar yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131, t\u00fcnel tasar\u0131m\u0131nda bu tarz yaz\u0131l\u0131mlara olan ihtiyac\u0131 art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar bir tak\u0131m kabullerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta olup, olu\u015fturulan say\u0131sal modelin do\u011fru \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in kaya k\u00fctlesi davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sisteme tan\u0131tacak jeoteknik \u00f6zelliklerin do\u011fru belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Sa\u011flam kaya numunesi i\u00e7in jeoteknik \u00f6zelliklerin laboratuvar ortam\u0131nda belirlenmesi olduk\u00e7a kolayken, kaya k\u00fctlesi i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerin laboratuvarda veya arazide belirlenmesi \u00e7ok zordur. Bu nedenle gerek bir tak\u0131m ampirik yakla\u015f\u0131mlar, gerekse uluslararas\u0131 kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f kaya k\u00fctle s\u0131n\u0131flama y\u00f6ntemleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile kaya k\u00fctlesine ait jeoteknik \u00f6zellikler belirlenerek say\u0131sal modeller olu\u015fturulmakta ve buna g\u00f6re t\u00fcnel tasar\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, \u00f6ncelikle ge\u00e7mi\u015ften g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze \u00e7e\u015fitli t\u00fcnel a\u00e7ma y\u00f6ntemlerine k\u0131saca de\u011finilmi\u015f, yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan t\u00fcnel a\u00e7ma y\u00f6ntemlerinin uluslararas\u0131 kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f kaya k\u00fctle s\u0131n\u0131flama sistemleri ve say\u0131sal modeller ile olan ili\u015fkisi ve uygulamada ya\u015fanan sorunlar anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Uygulamada; kaya k\u00fctle s\u0131n\u0131flamalar\u0131ndan t\u00fcnel kaz\u0131 ve destek s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131na ge\u00e7i\u015f, bunlar\u0131n say\u0131sal modellere yans\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131, yap\u0131lan kabuller ve \u00f6zellikle say\u0131sal modelleme s\u0131ras\u0131nda yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabullerden kaynaklanan m\u00fchendislik jeolojisi modelleme hatalar\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6rneklerle anlat\u0131larak, ger\u00e7e\u011fe en yak\u0131n tasar\u0131m i\u00e7in yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekenler basit bir uygulama \u00f6rne\u011fi ile a\u00e7\u0131klanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
T\u00dcNEL A\u00c7MA Y\u00d6NTEMLER\u0130<\/h3>\nKlasik Y\u00f6ntemler (18. – 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/h4>\n
Alman, Amerikan, Avusturya, Bel\u00e7ika, \u0130ngiliz, \u0130talyan ve Osmanl\u0131 t\u00fcnel a\u00e7ma y\u00f6ntemleri bu grupta say\u0131labilir ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son yar\u0131s\u0131na kadar madencilikte yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r (Tonon, 2010; Brierley, 2014 Wikipedia, 2015). Kaz\u0131, elle veya basit kaz\u0131c\u0131 ara\u00e7larla yap\u0131lmakta, destekleme i\u00e7in \u00e7o\u011funlukla kal\u0131n, dayan\u0131kl\u0131 keresteler kullan\u0131lmakta, pasa ise k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 arabalar veya buharl\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131ma ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ile at\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Kaz\u0131lar \u00e7o\u011funlukla par\u00e7al\u0131 olacak \u015fekilde \u00e7ok a\u015famal\u0131 yap\u0131lmakta ve yukar\u0131dan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru inmektedir. Her kaz\u0131 a\u015famas\u0131n\u0131n tamamlanmas\u0131n\u0131 takiben destekleme yap\u0131lmakta veya \u00f6nce destekler \u00e7ak\u0131larak aralar\u0131 kaz\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bu y\u00f6ntemlerin terkedilmi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bilinen az\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck t\u00fcneller bu y\u00f6ntemler kullan\u0131larak a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Brierley, 2014). Bu y\u00f6ntemler b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda birbirlerine benzemekle birlikte bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da k\u0131saca anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Tabandan yukar\u0131 do\u011fru birbirini izler \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131lan bir seri kutu galeri ve onlar\u0131n desteklemesinden olu\u015fan bir sistemdir (\u015eekil 1). Galerilerin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, kaz\u0131 ilerlemesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lacak birimler hakk\u0131nda da bilgi sahibi olmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6ntemde \u00f6ncelikle kaplama i\u00e7in bir temel olu\u015fturulduktan sonra duvar \u015feklinde bir kaplama sa\u011fl\u0131 sollu erle\u015ftirilir ve daha sonra merkez bo\u015falt\u0131l\u0131r, bu \u015fekilde yan duvarlardan gelebilecek a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 y\u00fcklere de engel olunmu\u015f olur (Tonon, 2010).<\/p>\n Bu y\u00f6ntem \u00fcstyar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst kesiminde (tac\u0131nda) taban merkezine oturan sa\u011flam bir yap\u0131 gerektirir. Daha sonra tam ayna kaz\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in kereste desteklemesi, kaz\u0131 \u00e7evresine boyuna do\u011frultuda kaz\u0131lan alan\u0131 \u00f6rtecek \u015fekilde yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f olan kereste desteklerle merkezdeki sa\u011flam \u00e7ekirdek destek aras\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilir. Bu y\u00f6ntem y\u00fcksek zemin bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131na dayanabilir, ancak y\u00fcksek dayan\u0131ml\u0131 \u00e7ok miktarda kereste gerektirir (Tonon, 2010).<\/p>\n \u00dcstyar\u0131n\u0131n orta kesiminden kaz\u0131ya ba\u015flanan bu y\u00f6ntemde, orta kesimin kaz\u0131s\u0131 tamamland\u0131ktan sonra buraya kereste destekler konulmakta, kereste desteklerin \u00fcst taraf\u0131 t\u00fcnel i\u00e7i kaplamay\u0131 desteklerken, alt b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fcstyar\u0131 kaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n orta kesimine bast\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (\u015eekil 2). \u00dcstyar\u0131 kaz\u0131s\u0131 ilerledik\u00e7e ilave destekler bu kesimde kaz\u0131 \u00e7evresi boyunca dikilmekte ve ilave destekler konulduk\u00e7a zemin kaz\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131labilmektedir. Bu sistem kereste kullan\u0131m\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 ekonomiktir ve tam ayna kaz\u0131s\u0131na izin vermektedir, ayr\u0131ca bir\u00e7ok zemin ko\u015fulunda da uygulanabilmektedir. Ancak, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00f6rt\u00fc y\u00fck\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde uygulanmas\u0131 zordur (Tonon, 2010).<\/p>\n T\u00fcnelcili\u011fin yak\u0131n tarihine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Amerikan ve \u0130talyan (\u015eekil 3) y\u00f6ntemlerinin yukar\u0131da s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen y\u00f6ntemlerin aksine tam ayna kaz\u0131s\u0131na yak\u0131n bir \u015fekilde b\u00fcy\u00fck kesitte kaz\u0131 yaparak ilerleme sa\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131, bunun i\u00e7in de kaz\u0131 bo\u015flu\u011funu hemen doldurduklar\u0131 (tu\u011fla veya ta\u015f ile) ve bu \u015fekilde t\u00fcnel stabilitesini sa\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir (Tonon, 2010).<\/p>\n G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan iki t\u00fcnel a\u00e7ma y\u00f6ntemi ise NATM ve ADECORS y\u00f6ntemlerdir. Ayr\u0131ca bunlardan ba\u015fka, daha \u00e7ok kaz\u0131 y\u00f6ntemi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131labilecek; del-patlat, a\u00e7-kapa, mekanik kaz\u0131, t\u00fcnel a\u00e7ma makinas\u0131 ile kaz\u0131 vb. gibi y\u00f6ntemler de mevcuttur. Bunlardan, yukar\u0131da anlat\u0131lan y\u00f6ntemlere hemen hemen benzer ancak farkl\u0131 bir felsefeye sahip olan iki y\u00f6nteme (NATM ve ADECO-RS) k\u0131saca de\u011finilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Bu y\u00f6ntem ilk defa Rabcewicz taraf\u0131ndan 1962\u2018de ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ancak 1964\u2019te yayg\u0131n hale gelmi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle Avusturya Alpleri\u2019nde elde edilen deneyimlerden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan y\u00f6ntemin, ilk uygulamas\u0131 1969\u2018da Frankfurt metro in\u015faat\u0131nda olmu\u015ftur. Y\u00f6ntemin ana felsefesinin alt\u0131nda iki unsur yer almaktad\u0131r. Bunlardan ilki; yeralt\u0131 kaz\u0131s\u0131nda kaz\u0131lan kayay\u0131 desteklemek yerine g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek, yani \u00e7evre kayac\u0131n bir miktar rahatlamas\u0131na izin vererek, ilk kaz\u0131dan sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mak yerine, \u00e7evre kayay\u0131, uygulanan g\u00fc\u00e7lendirme elemanlar\u0131 ile g\u00fc\u00e7lendirerek kendi kendini ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakt\u0131r. Bunu da sa\u011flaman\u0131n en rahat yolu kaz\u0131 sonras\u0131 esnek bir kaplama yaparak (p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme beton) deformasyonlara bir miktar izin vermek ve daha sonra kaya bulonlar\u0131 ile g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmektir. Di\u011fer \u00f6nemli felsefesi ise; \u00f6zellikle zay\u0131f kaya ko\u015fullar\u0131nda kaz\u0131y\u0131 farkl\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kesitlerde yaparak b\u00f6l\u00fcmlendirmektir (Rabcewicz, 1964). Rabcewicz\u2019in felsefesi dinamik bir projelendirme esas\u0131na dayanmakta olup, kaz\u0131 sonras\u0131 \u00e7evre kaya davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 izleyerek deformasyon karakteristiklerine kar\u015f\u0131 aksiyon geli\u015ftirme esas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ermektedir. Bu y\u00f6ntem, kaya k\u00fctle davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in her ne kadar \u00e7e\u015fitli kaynaklarda kaya veya kaz\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131 A, B, ve C ile ifade edilen harflerle s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f (KT\u015e, 2013) olsa da, bu s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma olduk\u00e7a subjektif oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in kendisine say\u0131sal bir altl\u0131k olu\u015fturma ihtiyac\u0131 duymu\u015f, bu a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 da uygulamada RQD (Deere, 1963), RMR (Bieniawski, 1989), GSI (Hoek ve Brown, 1997) ve Q (Barton, 2002) gibi uluslararas\u0131 kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f kaya k\u00fctle s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma sistemlerini kullanarak yapmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde t\u00fcnel a\u00e7mak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir di\u011fer y\u00f6ntem de T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye, \u201cKaya ve Zeminlerde Kontroll\u00fc Deformasyon Analizi\u201d \u015feklinde \u00e7evrilebilen ADECO-RS adl\u0131 y\u00f6ntemdir. Lunardi taraf\u0131nda ortaya at\u0131lan bu y\u00f6ntemde, a\u015famal\u0131 kaz\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcnelcilik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan do\u011fru bir y\u00f6ntem olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, bunun yerine tam ayna kaz\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi ifade edilmi\u015f ve tam ayna kaz\u0131s\u0131 sonras\u0131 3 farkl\u0131 kaya davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar; kopma veya blok d\u00fc\u015fmesi, aynan\u0131n \u015fi\u015fmesi veya ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 ve akan zemin \u015feklindedir. Lunardi\u2019ye g\u00f6re ayna mutlaka desteklenmelidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc t\u00fcnel aynas\u0131n\u0131n davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve hareketi arkas\u0131 i\u00e7in anahtar g\u00f6revi g\u00f6rmektedir. \u00d6zellikle s\u0131k\u0131\u015fan zemin ko\u015fular\u0131nda, kaz\u0131-ayna davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde t\u00fcnel kaz\u0131s\u0131 yapabilmenin s\u0131rr\u0131d\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6nteme g\u00f6re, deformasyonlar bir kez ba\u015flad\u0131ktan sonra durdurulamayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, t\u00fcnel i\u00e7i deformasyonlara \u00e7ok fazla izin vermeden destekleme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilmektedir. (Lunardi, 2008).<\/p>\n Tarihsel geli\u015fiminden ve yukar\u0131daki \u00f6rneklerden de g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi \u00fczere esasen yeralt\u0131 kaz\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f iki temel y\u00f6ntem bulunmaktad\u0131r: par\u00e7al\u0131 veya b\u00f6l\u00fcmlendirilmi\u015f kaz\u0131 ve tam ayna kaz\u0131s\u0131. Bunlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada \u00e7ok fazla de\u011finilmeyen delme-patlatma, makineli kaz\u0131 veya TBM kaz\u0131s\u0131 gibi y\u00f6ntemler ise t\u00fcnel a\u00e7ma y\u00f6nteminden ziyade t\u00fcnel aynas\u0131n\u0131n kaz\u0131 y\u00f6ntemi olarak de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. T\u00fcm t\u00fcnel a\u00e7ma y\u00f6ntemleri incelendi\u011finde, hepsinde; destekle ve kaz, ya da kazd\u0131ktan sonra destekle \u015feklinde bir ortak payda oldu\u011fu halde, bug\u00fcne kadar hi\u00e7bir sistemin kaz\u0131lan kaya veya zemin ortam\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmek i\u00e7in bir yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteyiz. Ad\u0131 ister t\u00fcnel a\u00e7ma y\u00f6ntemi olsun, ister ayna kaz\u0131 y\u00f6ntemi, t\u00fcm yeralt\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda mutlaka kaz\u0131lan ortam\u0131n tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131 ve kaz\u0131lacak ortam hakk\u0131nda \u00f6nceden fikir sahibi olunabilmesi yeralt\u0131 kaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ekonomisi ve ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in olmazsa olmaz bir husustur. Ancak t\u00fcnelcili\u011fin tarihsel geli\u015fimine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ortaya at\u0131lan hi\u00e7bir y\u00f6ntemde jeolojik-jeoteknik tan\u0131mlama yapabilecek bir altl\u0131k olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rahatl\u0131kla g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Bu nedenle t\u00fcm y\u00f6ntemler yeralt\u0131 kaz\u0131lar\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde detayl\u0131 jeolojik-jeoteknik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara ihtiya\u00e7 duyarlar. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar neticesinde ise m\u00fchendislik jeolojisi modeli ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilmekte, saha et\u00fctlerinden elde edilen verilerle de kaya k\u00fctle davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ile kaya k\u00fctlesinin jeomekanik \u00f6zellikleri belirlenebilmektedir. Bu noktadan hareketle kaz\u0131lan ortam\u0131 tan\u0131mlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan yakla\u015f\u0131mlar sadece girdi parametreleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Terzaghi\u2019 nin kaya s\u0131n\u0131flama sistemi 1946\u2019da ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve kaya\u00e7lar\u0131; sa\u011flam, tabakal\u0131, orta derece eklemli, bloklu veya kenetli, par\u00e7al\u0131 ve s\u0131k\u0131\u015fan kaya olarak gruplara ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu s\u0131n\u0131flamada, say\u0131sal olarak ifade edilebilecek bir girdi olmamakla beraber modern kaya s\u0131n\u0131flama sistemlerinin temeli at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Terzaghi, 1946). Lauffer (1958)\u2019de desteksiz a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n (son destek ile ayna aras\u0131nda kalan desteksiz tavan a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131) ayakta kalma s\u00fcresi aras\u0131nda bir ili\u015fki tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6ntem g\u00f6reli olarak say\u0131sal veriler i\u00e7erse de, kaya k\u00fctlesini s\u0131n\u0131flamaktan olduk\u00e7a uzakt\u0131r ve bir\u00e7ok kez de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bir\u00e7ok uygulamada s\u0131kl\u0131kla kullan\u0131lan ve ayn\u0131 zamanda di\u011fer s\u0131n\u0131flama sistemlerinin girdisi de olan ve Deere taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6nerilmi\u015f olan RQD (Rock Quality Designation \u2013 Kaya Kalite G\u00f6stergesi) sistemi, NW b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki (54,7 mm) sa\u011flam karot numunelerinden boyu 10 cm ve b\u00fcy\u00fck olanlar\u0131n\u0131n toplam manevra boyuna oran\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder (Deere, 1963). Bu y\u00f6ntem olduk\u00e7a say\u0131sal ve objektif bir tan\u0131mlama y\u00f6ntemi olmakla beraber sadece kayan\u0131n s\u00fcreklili\u011fi ve masifli\u011fi hakk\u0131nda bilgi verir ve do\u011fru konumland\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f yetersiz sondaj yap\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda anizotropik ko\u015fullar\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 eder. RQD sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fru de\u011ferlendirilebilmesi i\u00e7in, en az\u0131ndan birbirine yeterli mesafede konumland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ayn\u0131 eksen \u00fczerinde ve t\u00fcnel eksenine ve tabakalanmalara \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6nlerde dik do\u011frultuda 3 adet sondaj yapmak gereklidir. Wickham RSR (Rock Structure Rating \u2013 Kaya Yap\u0131 S\u0131n\u0131flamas\u0131) sistemini \u00f6nermi\u015ftir (Wickham vd., 1979). Bu sistemde RSR puan\u0131n\u0131 jeolojik yap\u0131, geometri ve yeralt\u0131suyu ko\u015fullar\u0131na ait de\u011ferlendirmeden elde edilen puanlar\u0131n toplam\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Olduk\u00e7a ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131, say\u0131sal olarak ifade edilebilen ve objektif bir y\u00f6ntem lmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, kaya ortam\u0131n\u0131 ayd\u0131nlatmaya yetecek kadar detayl\u0131 bir sistem de\u011fildir. Ancak modern kaya k\u00fctle s\u0131n\u0131flama sistemlerinin temelini atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bieniawski ilk kez 1976 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6nerdi\u011fi sistemde; kayan\u0131n tek eksenli bas\u0131n\u00e7 dayan\u0131m\u0131, RQD de\u011feri, s\u00fcreksizliklerin a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131, s\u00fcreksizliklerin durumu, yeralt\u0131suyu ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve s\u00fcreksizliklerin konumuna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak bir puanlama yaparak kaya k\u00fctlesini 5 s\u0131n\u0131fa ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak da kaz\u0131 ve destek sistemleri \u00f6nermi\u015ftir. T\u00fcnelcilik uygulamalar\u0131nda s\u00fcreksizlikler ile ilgili parametreler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kaz\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde di\u011fer parametreler hakk\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a objektif fikir sahibi olunabilen bu sistemde, s\u00fcreksizliklerin durumu ile ilgili de\u011ferlendirmeler yap\u0131l\u0131rken mostra veren kesimler de\u011ferlendirmeye al\u0131nabilmekte ancak, s\u00fcreksizliklerin devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve y\u00fczey ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n derinlerdeki durumu t\u00fcnel kaz\u0131s\u0131 ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde de\u011ferlendirilememektedir (Bieniawski, 1989). Barton, Q ad\u0131 verilen bir sistemi ortaya atm\u0131\u015f, RQD, Jn (eklem tak\u0131m say\u0131s\u0131), Jr (eklem p\u00fcr\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fck puan\u0131), Ja (eklem alterasyon puan\u0131), Jw (su azaltma fakt\u00f6r\u00fc veya su durumu) ve SRF (gerilim azaltma fakt\u00f6r\u00fc) punlar\u0131n\u0131n birbirlerine oranlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7arp\u0131m\u0131ndan elde edilen bir puan ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak destekleme \u00f6nerilerinde bulunmu\u015ftur (Barton vd., 1974). Ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde olduk\u00e7a say\u0131sal g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bu sistemin arazide t\u00fcneller a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, \u00f6zellikle eklemlerle ilgili de\u011ferlendirmelerin yap\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli k\u0131s\u0131tlar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu sistemin en b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131s\u0131tlar\u0131ndan biri RMR\u2019de oldu\u011fu gibi s\u00fcreksizliklerin derinlere indik\u00e7e y\u00fczey ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n durumu ile devaml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda net de\u011ferlendirme yapma g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve SRF ile ilgili puanlama yap\u0131l\u0131rken, uygulamada yerinde \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler yap\u0131lmamas\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc bu de\u011ferinin tahmine dayal\u0131 ve hatal\u0131 belirlenmesidir. SRF de\u011ferinin y\u00fcksek se\u00e7ilmesi Q puan\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmektedir (Barton, 2002). Hoek taraf\u0131ndan ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan GSI sistemi ise t\u00fcm bunlardan daha s\u00fcbjektif ve neredeyse tamamen g\u00f6rsel de\u011ferlendirmeye dayanan bir sistemdir (Hoek ve Brown, 1997). S\u00f6nmez ve Ulusay ise bir miktar daha bu sistemi say\u0131sal hale getirmi\u015flerdir. \u00d6zellikle t\u00fcnel kaz\u0131 aynas\u0131n\u0131n puanlanmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan uygulama kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flayan pratik bir sistemdir. Bu sistem daha \u00e7ok g\u00f6rsel \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm ve de\u011ferlendirmeye dayal\u0131 ldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, t\u00fcnel proje tasar\u0131m\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle t\u00fcnel kaz\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6ncesi uygulanmas\u0131, t\u00fcnel kaz\u0131 aynas\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek durumunun g\u00f6zlenememesi nedeni ile \u00f6nemli hatalar\u0131 beraberinde getirebilmektedir (S\u00f6nmez ve Ulusay, 2002). G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yak\u0131n zamanda \u00f6nerilen en g\u00fcncel sistem ise RMQR ad\u0131 verilen ve Aydan vd. (2014) taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6nerilmi\u015f kaya s\u0131n\u0131flama sistemidir. Bu sistemde de ayr\u0131\u015fma derecesi, s\u00fcreksizlik set say\u0131s\u0131, s\u00fcreksizlik a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya RQD de\u011feri, s\u00fcreksizlik ko\u015fullar\u0131, yeralt\u0131suyu ak\u0131\u015f durumu ve yeralt\u0131suyu emilme ko\u015fullar\u0131 olabildi\u011fince say\u0131salla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak puanlanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ama s\u00fcbjektiviteyi tam olarak ortadan kald\u0131ramam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sistemde de s\u00fcreksizliklerin derinlere do\u011fru devam\u0131nda ya\u015fanacak de\u011fi\u015fimlerin, t\u00fcnel tasar\u0131m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ortaya konamamas\u0131 ve ger\u00e7ek t\u00fcnel kaz\u0131 aynas\u0131n\u0131n durumunun ancak kaz\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclebilmesi sistemin uygulama g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Bir \u00f6nceki b\u00f6l\u00fcmde a\u00e7\u0131klanan t\u00fcnel a\u00e7ma y\u00f6ntemleri ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak incelendi\u011finde, hi\u00e7birisinin burada bahsedilen kaya s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma sistemleri ile organik bir ba\u011f\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ancak, yeralt\u0131ndaki ko\u015fullar\u0131 tan\u0131mlayabilmek ve kaz\u0131 destek s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n belirlenebilmesi i\u00e7in bir \u015fekilde kaya s\u0131n\u0131flamas\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclecektir. \u00d6zellikle g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yayg\u0131n bilinen NATM ve ADECO-RS sistemlerinin bu tan\u0131mlamalara daha \u00e7ok ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu ve kaya s\u0131n\u0131flamas\u0131 altl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmadan sadece bu y\u00f6ntemlerin \u00f6nerdi\u011fi altl\u0131klarla uygulama yapman\u0131n olduk\u00e7a g\u00fc\u00e7 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclecektir.<\/p>\n T\u00fcnel projelendirmesinde fiziksel modeller kullanman\u0131n ekonomik ve fiziksel g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckleri ile geli\u015fen teknoloji ile birlikte ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ileri d\u00fczeyli bilgisayar yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131, yeralt\u0131 kaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 ortam\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fe yak\u0131n bir \u015fekilde modelleyerek, kaz\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilecek kaya davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ile olas\u0131 sorunlar\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rme ve bunlara \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00fcretebilme yetene\u011fine sahiptir. Bu yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar, sonlu farklar, sonlu elemanlar, ayr\u0131k elemanlar ad\u0131 verilen bir tak\u0131m n\u00fcmerik yakla\u015f\u0131mlarla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta ve yeralt\u0131 kaz\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131lacak ortamla ilgili olarak kayan\u0131n jeoteknik parametrelerine ihtiya\u00e7 duymaktad\u0131r. Ancak m\u00fchendislik projelerinin tasar\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan t\u00fcm bilgisayar yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 bir tak\u0131m kabullerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin kaz\u0131 yap\u0131lacak ortam\u0131 homojen ve izotrop kabul etmekte veya e\u011fer \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebiliyorsa (ki bu \u00e7ok zordur) anizotropiyi sisteme tan\u0131tman\u0131z\u0131 beklemektedirler. Bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda kaya k\u00fctlesine ait bir tak\u0131m parametrelerin de deneysel tespiti \u00e7ok zor veya pahal\u0131 oldu\u011fundan \u00fclkemiz ko\u015fullar\u0131nda ampirik y\u00f6ntemlerle bulunarak sisteme tan\u0131t\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca uygulamada kaz\u0131, hafriyat ve destekleme s\u00fcre\u00e7leri de bu tarz yaz\u0131l\u0131mlarda oldu\u011fu kadar h\u0131zl\u0131 ve rahat olamamaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylesi bir durumda, bu parametrelerin hatal\u0131 veya eksik belirlenmesi de tasar\u0131m a\u015famas\u0131nda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemeyen ancak uygulama a\u015famas\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacak \u00f6nemli sorunlara sebep olmaktad\u0131r. N\u00fcmerik modelleme yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu jeoteknik ve di\u011fer parametreleri ve bunlar\u0131n elde edilme y\u00f6ntemleri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da bir \u00e7izelge halinde \u00f6zetlenmi\u015ftir (\u00c7izelge 1). \u00c7izelge 1\u2019e bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda olu\u015fturulacak say\u0131sal modelin ba\u015fl\u0131ca 3 tip kaynaktan veri sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclecektir. Bunlar: jeolojik-jeoteknik saha \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve m\u00fchendislik jeolojisi modelleri, laboratuvar deneyleri ve ampirik yakla\u015f\u0131mlard\u0131r. Bu veriler ise kendi i\u00e7inde birbirlerine veri sa\u011flar niteliktedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile yetersiz ve hatal\u0131 saha \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 neticesinde say\u0131sal model i\u00e7in ilk girdi niteli\u011finde olan m\u00fchendislik jeolojisi modelinin hatal\u0131 kurulmas\u0131, saha \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan elde edilen verilere uygulanan laboratuvar testleri sonucunun da hatal\u0131 veya eksik belirlenmesine neden olacakt\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece, bunlar\u0131n her ikisini de kendisine veri olarak kullanan ampirik y\u00f6ntemlerden elde edilecek verilerde hatal\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Baz\u0131 kabullerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan say\u0131sal model yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 bu verileri kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ger\u00e7ek durumdan uzak sonu\u00e7lar elde edilebilecektir. Buraya kadar yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klamalardan da g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi \u00fczere ister NATM, ister ADECO-RS veya \u00f6nceki b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen y\u00f6ntemler olsun, t\u00fcm y\u00f6ntemler kaz\u0131 yap\u0131lan ortam\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmaya ve jeoteknik \u00f6zelliklerini tan\u0131mlamaya ihtiya\u00e7 duyarlar. Bu nedenle m\u00fchendislik jeolojisi modeli do\u011fru kurulmal\u0131 ve ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan t\u00fcm arazi et\u00fctleri eksiksiz yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kaya k\u00fctlesine ve modele ait tasar\u0131m parametreleri \u015fekil \u00fczerinde verilen (\u015eekil 4) orta dayan\u0131ml\u0131 kristalize kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 ara katk\u0131l\u0131 kumta\u015f\u0131-siltta\u015f\u0131 ardalanmas\u0131ndan olu\u015fan ve t\u00fcm m\u00fchendislik ko\u015fullar\u0131 ayn\u0131 iken, s\u00fcreksizliklerin modele eklenmesi sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan farkl\u0131l\u0131klar say\u0131sal model \u00fczerinde g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Verilen bu \u00f6rnekte sonlu elemanlar yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir yaz\u0131l\u0131mda, arazide \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f sistematik s\u00fcreksizlik setlerinin etkisi ger\u00e7e\u011fe en yak\u0131n \u015fekilde 5 farkl\u0131 kaz\u0131 ad\u0131m\u0131 ile modellenmi\u015ftir. Arazideki ger\u00e7ek kaz\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tabilmek i\u00e7in \u00fcstyar\u0131 ve altyar\u0131 kaz\u0131s\u0131 \u015feklinde t\u00fcnel ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00dcstyar\u0131da kaz\u0131 aynas\u0131 yukar\u0131dan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya 3 a\u015famada tamamlanm\u0131\u015f, altyar\u0131 kaz\u0131s\u0131 ise \u00fcstyar\u0131 kaz\u0131 aynas\u0131na, uygulamada oldu\u011fu gibi eri\u015fimi sa\u011flayabilecek \u015fekilde 2 a\u015famada tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u015fekli ile sa\u011f ve sol t\u00fcp i\u00e7in t\u00fcm kaz\u0131lar modelde 11 model ad\u0131m\u0131nda tamamlanabilmi\u015ftir. Modelde kaya k\u00fctlesi, s\u00fcreksizliklerin s\u00fcrekli ve olduk\u00e7a s\u0131k\u0131 olu\u015fu nedeni ile Hoek-Brown yenilme davran\u0131\u015f modeli ile a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Modellemede kullan\u0131lan t\u00fcm parametreler \u015eekil 4 \u00fczerinde verilmi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 t\u00fcnelin ayn\u0131 kesimine ait iki farkl\u0131 say\u0131sal modelleme sonucunda, ilk modelde arazide tespit edilen s\u00fcreksizlik setleri dikkate al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f ve bu \u015fekilde elde edilen deplasman de\u011ferleri desteksiz durumda bile 2 mm mertebesinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00fcreksizlik setlerinin dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ikinci modelde ise deplasman de\u011feri arazi verilerine de uyumlu \u015fekilde 2.5 cm mertebelerine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Sat\u0131c\u0131 ve \u00dcnver, 2015). \u015eekil 4\u2018e bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, s\u00fcreksizliklerin sisteme dahil edilmedi\u011fi, sadece kaya k\u00fctlesinin dayan\u0131m \u00f6zelliklerinin kaz\u0131 sonras\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00f6rselenme ile azalt\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumda deformasyonlar yok denecek kadar azken (hi\u00e7 destek eleman\u0131 kullan\u0131lmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen), s\u00fcreksizliklerin de sisteme dahil edildi\u011fi durumda, destek sistemi olmamas\u0131 halinde katastrofik sonu\u00e7lar do\u011fabilece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Genellikle sonlu elemanlar y\u00f6ntemi ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan yaz\u0131l\u0131mlarda, \u00e7evre kayac\u0131n m\u00fchendislik \u00f6zellikleri belli bir oranda azalt\u0131larak s\u00fcreksizlikler gibi yap\u0131sal bozukluklar\u0131n etkisi modele yans\u0131t\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmakta, s\u00fcreksizlikler nedeni ile heterojen ve anizotropik yap\u0131da olan kaya k\u00fctlesinin m\u00fchendislik parametreleri, belirlenen bir azaltma oran\u0131 ile \u00e7arp\u0131larak homojenize edilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Oysa bu \u015fekilde devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan s\u00fcreksizliklerden dolay\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015f olan s\u00fcreksiz ortam ve bunun neden olaca\u011f\u0131 anizotropik ko\u015fullar g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmi\u015f olacakt\u0131r. S\u00fcreksizlikler i\u00e7eren kaya k\u00fctleleri modellenirken ya ayr\u0131k elemanlar tarz\u0131 s\u00fcreksiz ortam mekani\u011fi mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan (Jing ve Stephansson, 2007; Wu vd., 2014) yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar kullan\u0131lmal\u0131 ya da sonlu elemanlar yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6rnekte oldu\u011fu gibi arazide \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilen sistematik s\u00fcreksizlikleri ile birlikte modellenmelidir. Bu \u015fekilde sistematik olmayan s\u00fcreksizlikler ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i olarak modellenemese de, sistematik s\u00fcreksizlik setleri bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde say\u0131sal modellere yans\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca say\u0131sal modelleme yap\u0131l\u0131rken, kabuller yapmadan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmal\u0131, m\u00fchendislik jeolojisi modeli do\u011fru kurulmal\u0131, kaya k\u00fctle parametreleri ger\u00e7e\u011fe en yak\u0131n \u015fekilde se\u00e7ilmeli ve arazi ko\u015fullar\u0131 olabildi\u011fince ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i olacak \u015fekilde modele yans\u0131t\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kaya k\u00fctlesine ait arazi verileri say\u0131salla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labildi\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de s\u00fcbjektif tan\u0131mlamalardan uzakla\u015f\u0131lacak, zaten do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi kaotik olan yer ortam\u0131 bir miktar daha objektif ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir bir hale gelmi\u015f olacakt\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7lar g\u00f6stermektedir ki, bug\u00fcne kadar \u00f6nerilmi\u015f t\u00fcm t\u00fcnelcilik y\u00f6ntemlerinin temelinde \u201cya \u00f6nce kaz\u0131y\u0131 yap sonra destekle, ya da destekledikten sonra kaz\u0131y\u0131 tamamla\u201d gibi basit bir mant\u0131k yatmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6nerilen y\u00f6ntemler i\u00e7inde sadece Rabcewicz\u2019in ortaya att\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cyeralt\u0131nda yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131y\u0131 desteklemek yerine ortam\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendir. Bunun i\u00e7in de \u00f6nce bir miktar deformasyona izin ver.\u201d bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131md\u0131r. Bu temel d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hemen hemen t\u00fcm y\u00f6ntemler birbirine \u00e7ok yak\u0131n mant\u0131klarla hareket etmekte ve sadece uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ismini almaktad\u0131r. \u00d6nerilen y\u00f6ntemin ad\u0131 ne olursa olsun, kaz\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131lacak ortam\u0131n do\u011fru ve eksiksiz tan\u0131mlanarak \u00f6zelliklerinin belirlenmesi ve bunun sonras\u0131nda elde edilen sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n tasar\u0131m yapabilmek i\u00e7in uygun \u015fekilde say\u0131sal modele aktar\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Say\u0131sal modellemeden elde edilen sonu\u00e7lar t\u00fcnel kaz\u0131s\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki ger\u00e7ek ayna kaz\u0131 ve deformasyon kay\u0131tlar\u0131 ile kaz\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak proje \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclerinde sapma olan yerlerde gerekli revizyonlar yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcnel kaz\u0131s\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda aynalarda mutlaka \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler yap\u0131larak kaya k\u00fctle s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 belirlenmeli ve bunlar say\u0131sal ortamda ar\u015fivlenmelidir. Olu\u015fturulan say\u0131sal modelin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 ve ger\u00e7e\u011fe uygunlu\u011fu t\u00fcnel kaz\u0131s\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan proje revizyon \u00f6nerilerinin azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmelidir. Unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r ki her bilgisayar yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, kendi yaz\u0131l\u0131m mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7inde hareket edip veri giri\u015fi yap\u0131lan, her durumda kullan\u0131c\u0131ya, yanl\u0131\u015f ya da do\u011fru, mutlaka bir sonu\u00e7 verecektir. Daha \u00e7ok kabule dayanan, hatal\u0131 ve eksik veri giri\u015fi durumunda ise elde edilen sonu\u00e7lar sadece renkli ve g\u00f6rsel g\u00fczelli\u011fi olan birer bilgisayar \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Bu nedenle t\u00fcnel tasar\u0131m\u0131nda harf kategorizasyonlu s\u00fcbjektif s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmalar yerine daha objektif, m\u00fchendislik jeolojisi, jeoteknik ve deformasyon tahmin verilerine ve beklenen deformasyonlara ba\u011fl\u0131, kaz\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan yerinde \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerle gerekti\u011finde tekrar modellemeye dayanan ve neticesinde destek sistemini yeniden tasarlayabilecek etkile\u015fimli bir y\u00f6ntem kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Galileo Galilei\u2018nin de dedi\u011fi gibi jeoloji m\u00fchendisleri olarak amac\u0131m\u0131z, \u201c\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir olan\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mek, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclemeyeni de \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir hale getirmek olmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc do\u011fan\u0131n dili matematiksel bir ifade ile yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u201d.<\/p>\n Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada m\u00fchendislik jeolojisi uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcnel a\u00e7ma y\u00f6ntemleri ile ili\u015fkisi anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ge\u00e7mi\u015ften bug\u00fcne \u00e7e\u015fitli t\u00fcnel a\u00e7ma y\u00f6ntemleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ancak bunlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu a\u015famal\u0131 kaz\u0131 ve tam ayna kaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli t\u00fcrevleri \u015feklinde olmu\u015ftur. Uluslararas\u0131 alanda yayg\u0131n bilinen t\u00fcnel a\u00e7ma y\u00f6ntemleri, kaya k\u00fctlelerinin davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta, ancak bu s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmaya say\u0131sal bir altl\u0131k olu\u015fturamamaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle bu …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2445,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_kadence_starter_templates_imported_post":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1877","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tunel-nasil-yapilir"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/tunel-acma-yontemi-kaya-siniflandirmasi.jpeg?v=1657999492","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p9zVBf-uh","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1877","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1877"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1877\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4979,"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1877\/revisions\/4979"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2445"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1877"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1877"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1877"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"alman](\"https:\/\/bakiacil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/alman-tunel-acma-yontemi.jpg\")
<\/a><\/p>\nAlman T\u00fcnel A\u00e7ma Y\u00f6ntemi (G\u00f6bek Alma)<\/h4>\n
Avusturya T\u00fcnel A\u00e7ma Y\u00f6ntemi (\u00c7apraz-S\u00fcrg\u00fc)<\/h4>\n
<\/a><\/p>\n\u0130ngiliz T\u00fcnel A\u00e7ma Y\u00f6ntemi (Ta\u00e7-S\u00fcrg\u00fcs\u00fc)<\/h4>\n
Amerikan ve \u0130talyan T\u00fcnel A\u00e7ma Y\u00f6ntemleri<\/h4>\n
<\/a><\/p>\nG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Kullan\u0131lan Y\u00f6ntemler<\/strong><\/h3>\n
NATM<\/h4>\n
ADECO-RS<\/h4>\n
<\/a><\/p>\nKAYA SINIFLAMA S\u0130STEMLER\u0130N\u0130N SAYISAL MODELLER VE T\u00dcNEL A\u00c7MA Y\u00d6NTEMLER\u0130 \u0130LE \u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130S\u0130<\/h3>\n
Kaya S\u0131n\u0131flama Sistemleri<\/h4>\n
T\u00fcnel Projelendirilmesinde Kullan\u0131lan Say\u0131sal Y\u00f6ntemler<\/h3>\n
<\/a>
Bunun i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle t\u00fcnel g\u00fczergah\u0131 \u00fczerinde jeofizik et\u00fctler yap\u0131larak kritik ve farkl\u0131la\u015fan kesimler saha jeolojisi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmeli, bu do\u011frultuda farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 veya devaml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 tan\u0131mlamaya ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan kesimlerde t\u00fcnel eksenine dik, birbiri ile ayn\u0131 do\u011frultuda ve m\u00fchendislik jeolojisi kesiti \u00e7\u0131karmaya yeterli say\u0131da jeoteknik sondaj planlanmal\u0131, bu sondajlardan elde edilen t\u00fcm numuneler i\u00e7in, tecr\u00fcbeli bir jeoloji m\u00fchendisinin g\u00f6z\u00fc ile ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan laboratuvar deneyleri programlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Daha sonra, kaz\u0131 yap\u0131lacak ortam\u0131n m\u00fchendislik jeolojisi \u00f6zellikleri ve laboratuvar verileri do\u011frultusunda kaya k\u00fctle davran\u0131\u015f tipi (yenilme davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 modeli) belirlenmeli ve ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan say\u0131sal modelleme y\u00f6ntemi se\u00e7ilerek (sonlu elemanlar, ayr\u0131k elemanlar, sonlu farklar vb.) say\u0131sal model olu\u015fturulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\u00d6rnek uygulama<\/h3>\n
<\/a><\/p>\nSONU\u00c7LAR VE \u00d6NER\u0130LER<\/h2>\n
KAYNAKLAR<\/h3>\n
Aydan, \u00d6., Ulusay, R., Tokashiki, N., 2014. new
\nrock mass quality rating system: Rock Mass
\nQuality Rating (RMQR) and its application to
\nthe estimation of geomechanical characteristics
\nof rock masses. Rock Mechanics and Rock
\nEngineering, 47 (4), 1255-1276.
\nBarton, N., Lien, R., Lunde, J., 1974. Engineering
\nclassification of rock masses for the design of
\ntunnel support. Rock Mechanics, 6, 189-239.
\nBarton, N., 2002. Some new Q-value correlations to
\nassist in site characterization and tunnel design.
\nInternational Journal of Rock Mechanics and
\nMining Sciences, 39, 185\u2013216.
\nBrierley, G., 2014. http:\/\/tunnelingonline.com\/
\ntunneling-historical-perspective\/
\nBieniawski, Z. T., 1989. Engineering rock mass
\nclassification. Wiley, New York, 251 p.
\nDeere, D. U., 1963. Technical description of rock cores
\nfor engineering purposes in Rock mechanics and
\nengineering geology. Springer, Vienna.
\nHoek, E., Brown, E. T., 1997. Practical estimates
\nof rock mass strength. International Journal of
\nRock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 34 (8),
\n1165\u20131186.
\nJing, L., Stephansson, O., 2007. Fundamentals of
\ndiscrete element methods for rock engineering:
\ntheory and applications. Developments in
\nGeotechnical Engineering, 85.
\nKT\u015e, 2013. Karayolu Teknik \u015eartnamesi, B\u00f6l\u00fcm 350.
\nLauffer, H., 1958. Gebirgsklassifizierung f\u00fcr den
\nStollenbau. Geology Bauwesen, 74 (1), 46\u201351.
\nLunardi, P., 2008. Design and Construction of Tunnels:
\nAnalysis of Controlled Deformations in Rock and
\nSoils. Springer, 576 p.
\nRabcewicz, L.,1964. http:\/\/www.eos.ubc.ca\/courses\/
\neosc547\/lecture-material\/Rabcewicz- NATM.pdf
\nSat\u0131c\u0131, O., \u00dcnver, B., 2015. Assessment of tunnel portal
\nstability at jointed rock mass: a comparative case
\nstudy. Computers and Geotechnics, 64, 72\u201382.
\nS\u00f6nmez, H., Ulusay, R., 2002. A discussion on the Hoek\u2013
\nBrown failure criterion and suggested modification
\nto the criterion verified by slope stability case
\nstudies. Yerbilimleri Dergisi, 26, 77-79.
\nTerzaghi, K., 1946. Rock defects and loads in tunnel
\nsupports, Rock tunneling with steel supports,
\nThe Commercial Shearing and Stamping Co.,
\nYoungstown, Ohio, 17-99.
\nTonon, F., 2010. Sequential excavation, NATM and
\nADECO: What they have in common and how
\nthey differ. Tunnelling and Underground Space
\nTechnology, 25, 245\u2013265.
\nWickham, G. E., Tiedemann, H. R., Skinner, E. H.,
\n1972. Support determination based on geologic
\npredictions. In Lane, K.S.; Garfield, L.A. Proc. 1st
\nNorth American Rapid Excavation&Tunnelling
\nConference (RETC), Chicago 1. American
\nInstitute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum
\nEngineers (AIME), New York. 43\u201364.
\nWikipedia, 2015. http:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/
\nLa\u011f\u0131mc\u0131_Oca\u011f\u0131 (Son Eri\u015fim: 25 May\u0131s 2015)
\nWu J. H., Ohnishi, Y., Nishiyama, S., 2014. Simulation
\nof the mechanical behavior of inclined jointed
\nrock masses during tunnel construction using
\ndiscontinuous deformation analysis. International
\nJournal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science,
\n41, 731\u2013743.<\/code><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"